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Fascism is a far-right, authoritarian, and ultranationalist political ideology and movement, characterized by a dictatorial leader, centralized autocracy, militarism, forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a natural social hierarchy, subordination of individual interests for the perceived good of the nation or race, and strong regimentation of society and the economy. Opposed to anarchism, democracy, pluralism, egalitarianism, liberalism, socialism, and Marxism, fascism is at the far right of the traditional left–right spectrum.
Antonio Francesco Gramsci was an Italian Marxist philosopher, linguist, journalist, writer, and politician. He wrote on philosophy, political theory, sociology, history, and linguistics. He was a founding member and one-time leader of the Italian Communist Party. A vocal critic of Benito Mussolini and fascism, he was imprisoned in 1926, where he remained until shortly before his death in 1937.
Giulio Cesare Andrea "Julius" Evola was an Italian far-right philosopher. Evola regarded his values as traditionalist, aristocratic, martial, and imperialist. An eccentric thinker in Fascist Italy, he also had ties to Nazi Germany; in the post-war era, he was an ideological mentor of the Italian neo-fascist and militant Right.
Clerical fascism is an ideology that combines the political and economic doctrines of fascism with clericalism. The term has been used to describe organizations and movements that combine religious elements with fascism, receive support from religious organizations which espouse sympathy for fascism, or fascist regimes in which clergy play a leading role.
Giovanni Gentile was an Italian philosopher, fascist politician, and pedagogue.
Giuseppe Bottai was an Italian journalist and member of the National Fascist Party of Benito Mussolini.
Gioventù Fascista was a magazine designed for youth in Italy under Benito Mussolini's Fascist state. Its features included stories and cartoons praising the regime and inculcating the tenets of Fascism.
The Republican Fascist Party was a political party in Italy led by Benito Mussolini during the German occupation of Central and Northern Italy and was the sole legal representative party of the Italian Social Republic. The PFR was the successor to the National Fascist Party but was more influenced by pre-1922 early radical fascism and anti-monarchism, as its members considered King Victor Emmanuel III to be a traitor after his signing of the surrender to the Allies.
The "Manifesto of Fascist Intellectuals", by the actualist philosopher Giovanni Gentile in 1925, formally established the political and ideologic foundations of Italian Fascism. It justifies the political violence of the Blackshirt paramilitaries of the National Fascist Party, in the revolutionary realisation of Italian Fascism as the authoritarian and totalitarian rėgime of Prime Minister Benito Mussolini, who ruled Italy as Il Duce, from 1922 to 1943.
The National Fascist Party was a political party in Italy, created by Benito Mussolini as the political expression of Italian fascism and as a reorganisation of the previous Italian Fasces of Combat. The party ruled the Kingdom of Italy from 1922 when Fascists took power with the March on Rome until the fall of the Fascist regime in 1943, when Mussolini was deposed by the Grand Council of Fascism. The National Fascist Party was succeeded by the Republican Fascist Party in the territories under the control of the Italian Social Republic, and it was ultimately dissolved at the end of World War II.
Although the fascist ideology originated in and is primarily associated with Europe, fascism crossed the Atlantic Ocean during the interwar period and influenced South American politics, with Italian fascism having a deep impact in the region, both directly and indirectly.
Proto-fascism refers to the direct predecessor ideologies and cultural movements that influenced and formed the basis of fascism. A prominent proto-fascist figure is Gabriele D'Annunzio, the Italian nationalist whose politics influenced Benito Mussolini and Italian Fascism. Proto-fascist political movements include the Italian Nationalist Association, the German National Association of Commercial Employees the German National People's Party, and the Union of the Russian People.
Fascist mysticism was a current of political and religious thought in Fascist Italy, based on Fideism, a belief that faith existed without reason, and that Fascism should be based on a mythology and spiritual mysticism. A School of Fascist Mysticism was founded in Milan on April 10, 1930. Active until 1943, its main objective was the training of future Fascist leaders who were indoctrinated in the study of various Fascist intellectuals who tried to abandon the purely political to create a spiritual understanding of Fascism. Fascist mysticism in Italy developed through the work of Niccolò Giani with the decisive support of Arnaldo Mussolini.
Giuseppe Ugo Papi was an Italian economist who was born in Capua and died in Rome.
Il Selvaggio was a political and arts magazine that existed between 1924 and 1943. It was a media outlet of an intellectual group called Strapaese.
Roberto Ricci, known as Berto Ricci was an Italian Fascist writer, journalist and poet. One of the foremost Fascist intellectuals, he wrote for Il Popolo d'Italia, Il Selvaggio, Primato and Critica fascista as well as for his own magazine, L'Universale, which he founded in 1931. He was also a teacher at the School of Fascist Mysticism.
La Difesa della Razza was a Fascist magazine which was published in Rome between 1938 and 1943 during the Fascist rule in Italy. Its subtitle was Scienza, Documentazione, Polemica. It played a significant role in the implementation of the racial ideology following the invasion of Ethiopia and the introduction of the racial laws in 1938.
Il Baretti was a monthly literary magazine which was one of the publications launched and edited by Piero Gobetti. The magazine was published in Turin in the period between 1924 and 1928. The title was a reference to Giuseppe Baretti, who was an author in the eighteenth century, an exile and pre-romantic pilgrim.
Lo Stato was a monthly political and finance magazine which existed in the Fascist Italy between 1930 and 1943. Its subtitle was Rivista di scienze politiche e giuridiche.
References
- ↑ Luca Michelini (2020). "From Nationalism to Fascism: Protagonists and Journals". In Massimo M. Augello; et al. (eds.). An Institutional History of Italian Economics in the Interwar Period. Vol. 2. Cham: Springer. p. 38. ISBN 978-3-030-38331-2.
- ↑ Alexandra de Luise (1992). "Le Arti and Intervention in the Arts". RACAR: Revue d'art canadienne / Canadian Art Review. 19 (1/2): 130. JSTOR 42630502.
- 1 2 "Fondi / Antonio Gramsci Periodici" (in Italian). Fondazione Gramsci. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
- 1 2 3 4 Francesca Billiani; Laura Pennacchietti (2019). Architecture and the Novel under the Italian Fascist Regime. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 17, 20. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-19428-4. ISBN 978-3-030-19427-7. S2CID 158649280.
- ↑ Emiliana P. Noether (December 1971). "Italian Intellectuals under Fascism". The Journal of Modern History . 43 (4): 645. doi:10.1086/240685. JSTOR 1881234. S2CID 144377549.
- ↑ "Critica fascista (1923–43)". Oxford Reference. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
- ↑ Luca de Caprariis (1998). Fascism and Italian foreign policy: 1922-1928 (PhD thesis). University of Wisconsin–Madison. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-591-87923-0. ProQuest 304457056. Archived from the original on 20 August 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
- ↑ Ángel Alcalde (2017). War Veterans and Fascism in Interwar Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 117. doi:10.1017/9781108182423. ISBN 9781108182423.
- ↑ Jacopo Pili (2021). Anglophobia in Fascist Italy. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 50. doi:10.7765/9781526159663. ISBN 9781526159663. Archived from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
- ↑ Edward R. Tannenbaum (April 1969). "The Goals of Italian Fascism". The American Historical Review. 74 (4): 1185–1186. doi:10.1086/ahr/74.4.1183.