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Medical psychology or medico-psychology is the application of psychological principles to the practice of medicine,primarily drug-oriented,for both physical and mental disorders.
The American Psychological Association (APA) is the largest scientific and professional organization of psychologists in the United States,with over 146,000 members,including scientists,educators,clinicians,consultants,and students. It has 54 divisions—interest groups for different subspecialties of psychology or topical areas. The APA has an annual budget of around $125 million.
A psychologist is a professional who practices psychology and studies mental states,perceptual,cognitive,emotional,and social processes and behavior. Their work often involves the experimentation,observation,and interpretation of how individuals relate to each other and to their environments.
Applied psychology is the use of psychological methods and findings of scientific psychology to solve practical problems of human and animal behavior and experience. Educational and organizational psychology,business management,law,health,product design,ergonomics,behavioural psychology,psychology of motivation,psychoanalysis,neuropsychology,psychiatry and mental health are just a few of the areas that have been influenced by the application of psychological principles and scientific findings. Some of the areas of applied psychology include counseling psychology,industrial and organizational psychology,engineering psychology,occupational health psychology,legal psychology,school psychology,sports psychology,community psychology,neuropsychology,medical psychology and clinical psychology,evolutionary psychology,human factors,forensic psychology and traffic psychology. In addition,a number of specialized areas in the general area of psychology have applied branches. However,the lines between sub-branch specializations and major applied psychology categories are often mixed or in some cases blurred. For example,a human factors psychologist might use a cognitive psychology theory. This could be described as human factor psychology or as applied cognitive psychology. When applied psychology is used in the treatment of behavioral disorders there are many experimental approaches to try and treat an individual. This type of psychology can be found in many of the subbranches in other fields of psychology.
The Doctor of Psychology is a professional doctoral degree intended to prepare graduates for careers that apply scientific knowledge of psychology and deliver empirically based service to individuals,groups and organizations. Earning the degree was originally completed through one of two established training models for clinical psychology. However,Psy.D. programs are no longer limited to Clinical Psychology as several universities and professional schools have begun to award professional doctorates in Business Psychology,Organizational Development,Forensic Psychology,Counseling Psychology,and School Psychology.
Clinical psychology is an integration of human science,behavioral science,theory,and clinical knowledge for the purpose of understanding,preventing,and relieving psychologically-based distress or dysfunction and to promote subjective well-being and personal development. Central to its practice are psychological assessment,clinical formulation,and psychotherapy,although clinical psychologists also engage in research,teaching,consultation,forensic testimony,and program development and administration. In many countries,clinical psychology is a regulated mental health profession.
Health psychology is the study of psychological and behavioral processes in health,illness,and healthcare. The discipline is concerned with understanding how psychological,behavioral,and cultural factors contribute to physical health and illness. Psychological factors can affect health directly. For example,chronically occurring environmental stressors affecting the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis,cumulatively,can harm health. Behavioral factors can also affect a person's health. For example,certain behaviors can,over time,harm or enhance health. Health psychologists take a biopsychosocial approach. In other words,health psychologists understand health to be the product not only of biological processes but also of psychological,behavioral,and social processes.
The scientist–practitioner model,also called the Boulder Model,is a training model for graduate programs that provide applied psychologists with a foundation in research and scientific practice. It was initially developed to guide clinical psychology graduate programs accredited by the American Psychological Association (APA).
The prescriptive authority for psychologists (RxP) movement is a movement in the United States of America among certain psychologists to give prescriptive authority to psychologists with predoctoral or postdoctoral graduate-level training in clinical psychopharmacology;successful passage of a standardized,national examination;supervised clinical experience;or a certificate from the Department of Defense Psychopharmacology Demonstration Project;or a diploma from the Prescribing Psychologists Register to enable them,according to state law,to prescribe psychotropic medications to treat mental disorders. This approach is non-traditional medical training focused on the specialized training to prescribe for mental health disorders by a psychologist. It includes rigorous didactics and supervised clinical experience. Legislation pertaining to prescriptive authority for psychologists has been introduced over 180 times in over half of the United States. It has passed in six states,due largely to substantial lobbying efforts by the American Psychological Association (APA),the largest professional organization of psychologists in the world with over 146,000 members. Prior to RxP legislation and in American states where it has not been passed,this role has been played by psychiatrists,who possess a medical degree and thus the authority to prescribe medication,but more frequently by primary care providers who can prescribe psychotropics,but lack extensive training in psychotropic drugs and in diagnosing and treating psychological disorders. According to the APA,the movement is a reaction to the growing public need for mental health services,particularly in under-resourced areas where patients have little or no access to psychiatrists.
William James College,formerly Massachusetts School of Professional Psychology (MSPP),is a private college of psychology in Newton,Massachusetts. With more than 750 students,William James College offers graduate academic degree and certificate programs across four departments:Clinical Psychology,Counseling Psychology,Organizational and Leadership Psychology,and School Psychology,as well as a Bachelor of Science completion program in Psychology and Human Services.
Rodney L. Lowman is an American psychologist,academic administrator and entrepreneur whose major contributions have been in the areas of career assessment and counseling,ethical issues in Industrial and Organizational Psychology,the integration of clinical psychology and I-O psychology and helping to develop the field of consulting psychology. In a study of the most prolific contributors to the Consulting Psychology Journal:Practice and Research,Lowman was rated the second highest contributor for articles for the period 1992–2007.
Pediatric psychology is a multidisciplinary field of both scientific research and clinical practice which attempts to address the psychological aspects of illness,injury,and the promotion of health behaviors in children,adolescents,and families in a pediatric health setting. Psychological issues are addressed in a developmental framework and emphasize the dynamic relationships which exist between children,their families,and the health delivery system as a whole.
John C. Norcross is an American professor,board-certified clinical psychologist,and author in psychotherapy,behavior change,and self-help.
Carol D. Goodheart is an American psychologist and a past president of the American Psychological Association (APA). Goodheart worked as a nurse before entering psychology. She completed a doctorate in counseling psychology from Rutgers University. While serving as the 2010 APA president,Goodheart supported the Presidential Task Force on Advancing Practice and the Presidential Task Force on Caregivers. Goodheart is in private practice in Princeton,New Jersey.
Giuseppe (Joseph) Dominic Matarazzo is an American psychologist and a past president of the American Psychological Association (APA). He chaired the first medical psychology department in the United States and has been credited with much of the early work in health psychology.
Nadine J. Kaslow is an American psychologist,the 2014 president of the American Psychological Association (APA) and the editor of the Journal of Family Psychology. Before her current affiliation with Emory University,Kaslow worked at Yale University. She was recipient of the 2004 American Psychological Association award for Distinguished Contributions to Education and Training in Psychology.
Barry S. Anton,Ph.D.,ABPP is an American psychologist. He is a Distinguished Professor Emeritus at the University of Puget Sound where he taught for 34 years. Anton founded Rainier Behavioral Health,a multi-discipline mental health practice where he practices clinical child and adolescent psychology and neuropsychology. Anton has co-authored,along with Professor Janet Matthews,a clinical psychology textbook,published over 90 articles,and has presented numerous conference workshops,invited addresses,keynote addresses,and panel discussions nationally and internationally. Anton served as the president of the American Psychological Association (APA) in 2015.
Cynthia Ann Gómez is an American psychologist who works in public health. She is known for her work in the field of HIV/AIDS prevention,health care access and health equity for minority individuals and committees. Likewise,one of her most major accomplishments was being the founding director of the Health Equity Institute at San Francisco State University. She has been a teacher and researcher,as well as a leader in both teaching and governmental positions.
Rehabilitation psychology is a specialty area of psychology aimed at maximizing the independence,functional status,health,and social participation of individuals with disabilities and chronic health conditions. Assessment and treatment may include the following areas:psychosocial,cognitive,behavioral,and functional status,self-esteem,coping skills,and quality of life. As the conditions experienced by patients vary widely,rehabilitation psychologists offer individualized treatment approaches. The discipline takes a holistic approach,considering individuals within their broader social context and assessing environmental and demographic factors that may facilitate or impede functioning. This approach,integrating both personal and environmental factors,is consistent with the World Health Organization's (WHO) International Classification of Functioning,Disability and Health (ICF).
David A. Jobes is an American clinical psychologist. He is currently serving as a Professor of Psychology,Director of the Suicide Prevention Laboratory,and Associate Director of Clinical Training at The Catholic University of America. His areas of focus are on Clinical psychology,Suicide prevention,Clinical Suicidology,Ethics and Risk Management,and clinical risk assessment. In August 2022,he was awarded the Alfred Wellner Award for Lifetime Achievement by The National Register of Health Service Psychologists.
References
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- 1 2 3 4 "Cynthia D. Belar, PhD, ABPP: APA's Interim Chief Executive Officer". American Psychological Association. Retrieved 2019-10-10.
- ↑ "Paul Nelson Award". Council of Chairs of Training Councils (CCTC). Retrieved 2019-12-03.
- ↑ publisher (2017-10-25). "Cynthia D. Belar Award for Outstanding Contributions to Education & Training in Health Psychology". The Health Psychologist. Retrieved 2019-12-03.
- ↑ "Distinguished Contributions to Education and Training in Psychology (includes career designation)". American Psychological Association. Retrieved 2019-12-03.
- ↑ "Cynthia D. Belar Award for Excellence in Health Psychology Education and Training Archives". Society for Health Psychology. Archived from the original on 2019-12-03. Retrieved 2019-12-03.
- ↑ "Awards". Society for Health Psychology. Retrieved 2019-12-03.
- ↑ "Clinical Health Psychology in Medical Settings: A Practitioner's Guidebook, Revised Edition". Clinical Health Psychology in Medical Setting. Retrieved 2019-10-10.
- 1 2 3 "Cynthia D. Belar, PhD". American Psychological Association. Retrieved 2019-12-17.
- ↑ "Arthur C. Evans Jr. Named CEO of American Psychological Association". American Psychological Association. Retrieved 2019-12-17.
- ↑ Belar, Cynthia D. (2000). "Scientist-practitioner ≠ science + practice: Boulder is bolder". American Psychologist. 55 (2): 249–250. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.2.248. ISSN 1935-990X. PMID 10717974.
- ↑ Anderson, Norman B.; Belar, Cynthia D.; Cubic, Barbara A.; Garrison, Ellen G.; Johnson, Suzanne Bennett; Kaslow, Nadine J. (2014). "Statement of the American Psychological Association in response to the "Joint principles: Integrating behavioral health care into the patient-centered medical home"". Families, Systems, & Health. 32 (2): 141–142. doi:10.1037/fsh0000051. ISSN 1939-0602. PMID 24955684. S2CID 43570301.
- ↑ "PsycNET". psycnet.apa.org. Retrieved 2019-12-03.
- ↑ Belar, Cynthia D.; Brown, Robert A.; Hersch, Lee E.; Hornyak, Lynne M.; Rozensky, Ronald H.; Sheridan, Edward P.; Brown, Ronald T.; Reed, Geoffrey W. (2003). "Self-Assessment in Clinical Health Psychology: A Model for Ethical Expansion of Practice". Prevention & Treatment. 6 (1). doi:10.1037/1522-3736.6.1.625a. ISSN 1522-3736.