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Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state. As a movement,it presupposes the existence and tends to promote the interests of a particular nation,especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining its sovereignty (self-governance) over its perceived homeland to create a nation-state. It holds that each nation should govern itself,free from outside interference (self-determination),that a nation is a natural and ideal basis for a polity,and that the nation is the only rightful source of political power. It further aims to build and maintain a single national identity,based on a combination of shared social characteristics such as culture,ethnicity,geographic location,language,politics,religion,traditions and belief in a shared singular history,and to promote national unity or solidarity. Nationalism,therefore,seeks to preserve and foster a nation's traditional culture. There are various definitions of a "nation",which leads to different types of nationalism. The two main divergent forms identified by scholars are ethnic nationalism and civic nationalism.
Hindutva is a political ideology encompassing the cultural justification of Hindu nationalism and the belief in establishing Hindu hegemony within India. The political ideology was formulated by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar in 1922. It is used by the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS),the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP),the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and other organisations,collectively called the Sangh Parivar.
Han nationalism is a form of ethnic nationalism asserting ethnically Han people as the exclusive constituents of the Chinese nation. It is often in dialogue with other conceptions of Chinese nationalism,often mutually-exclusive or otherwise contradictory ones. Han people are the dominant ethnic group in both states claiming to represent the Chinese nation:the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China.
Mehmet Ziya Gökalp was a Turkish sociologist,writer,poet,and politician. After the 1908 Young Turk Revolution that reinstated constitutionalism in the Ottoman Empire,he adopted the pen name Gökalp,which he retained for the rest of his life. As a sociologist,Ziya Gökalp was influential in the negation of Islamism,pan-Islamism,and Ottomanism as ideological,cultural,and sociological identifiers. In a 1936 publication,sociologist Niyazi Berkes described Gökalp as "the real founder of Turkish sociology,since he was not a mere translator or interpreter of foreign sociology".
Monoculturalism is the policy or process of supporting,advocating,or allowing the expression of the culture of a single social or ethnic group. It generally stems from beliefs within the dominant group that their cultural practices are superior to those of minority groups and is often related to the concept of ethnocentrism,which involves judging another culture based on the values and standards of one's own culture,though this is usually untrue if cultural nationalism is dominant,as opposed to ethno-nationalism. It may also involve the process of assimilation whereby other ethnic groups are expected to adopt the culture and practices of the dominant ethnic group. Monoculturalism,in the context of cultural diversity,is the opposite of multiculturalism.
National identity is a person's identity or sense of belonging to one or more states or one or more nations. It is the sense of "a nation as a cohesive whole,as represented by distinctive traditions,culture,and language". National identity may refer to the subjective feeling one shares with a group of people about a nation,regardless of one's legal citizenship status. National identity is viewed in psychological terms as "an awareness of difference",a "feeling and recognition of 'we' and 'they'". National identity also includes the general population and diaspora of multi-ethnic states and societies that have a shared sense of common identity identical to that of a nation while being made up of several component ethnic groups. Hyphenated ethnicities are examples of the confluence of multiple ethnic and national identities within a single person or entity.
Spain is a diverse country integrated by contrasting entities with varying economic and social structures,languages,and historical,political and cultural traditions. The Spanish constitution responds ambiguously to the claims of historic nationalities while proclaiming a common and indivisible homeland of all Spaniards.
Eco-nationalism is a synthesis of nationalism and green politics. Eco-nationalists may be from many points across the left–right political spectrum,but all are bound to the idea that the nation-state and its citizens have a special duty to protect the environment of their country.
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Resource nationalism is the tendency of people and governments to assert control over natural resources located within their territory. As a result,resource nationalism conflicts with the interests of multinational corporations.
Ethnosymbolism is a school of thought in the study of nationalism that stresses the importance of symbols,myths,values and traditions in the formation and persistence of the modern nation state.
Ethiopian nationalism,also referred to as Ethiopianism or Ethiopianness,according to its proponents,asserts that Ethiopians are a single nation,and promotes the social equality of all component ethnic groups. Ethiopian people as a whole regardless of ethnicity constitute sovereignty as one polity. Ethiopian nationalism is a type of civic nationalism in that it is multi-ethnic in nature,and promotes multiculturalism.
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Gellner's theory of nationalism was developed by Ernest Gellner over a number of publications from around the early 1960s to his 1995 death. Gellner discussed nationalism in a number of works,starting with Thought and Change (1964),and he most notably developed it in Nations and Nationalism (1983). His theory is modernist.
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Meitei nationalism refers to nationalism among the Meitei people. In the Meitei context this includes various movements throughout history to sustain Meitei cultural identity,political boundary,ethnicity and history to regain sovereign state status of Kangleipak.
References
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- ↑ "Cambiamenti climatici. Antropocene e politica – University of Padova".
- 1 2 "The Basques, the Catalans, and Spain: Alternative Routes to Nationalist Mobilisation – Riyad Nassar Library".
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- ↑ "The nine planetary boundaries". www.stockholmresilience.org. September 17, 2009.
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- ↑ Hau, Mark F. (July 13, 2022). "From Local Concerns to Global Challenges: Continuity and Change in Sub-state "Green Nationalism"". Frontiers in Political Science. 3. doi: 10.3389/fpos.2021.764939 .
- ↑ Kerr, Stephanie (May 3, 2023). "Greening Self-government? Incorporation of Environmental Justifications into Sub-state Nationalist Claim Making in Spain". Ethnicities: 146879682311711. doi:10.1177/14687968231171168. S2CID 258516933 – via CrossRef.
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- ↑ Nayna Schwerdtle, Patricia; Cavan, Edwige; Pilz, Lukas; Oggioni, Silvio Daniele; Crosta, Arianna; Kaleyeva, Veranika; Karim, Peshang Hama; Szarvas, Filip; Naryniecki, Tobiasz; Jungmann, Maximilian (January 13, 2023). "Interlinkages between Climate Change Impacts, Public Attitudes, and Climate Action—Exploring Trends before and after the Paris Agreement in the EU". Sustainability. 15 (9): 7542. doi: 10.3390/su15097542 . hdl: 2434/971208 .
- ↑ Conversi, Daniele; Posocco, Lorenzo (July 13, 2022). "Which Nationalism for the Anthropocene? A Comparative Study of Exemplary Green Nation-States". Frontiers in Political Science. 4. doi: 10.3389/fpos.2022.857597 .
- ↑ Posocco, Lorenzo; McNeill, John R. (July 13, 2023). "Climate Change: Comparing "Green" and "Polluting" Nation-States". Frontiers in Sociology. 8. doi: 10.3389/fsoc.2023.1133333 . PMC 9992535 . PMID 36911170.
- ↑ Koch, Natalie (July 13, 2023). "Geographies of Nationalism". Human Geography. 16 (2): 200–211. doi:10.1177/19427786231157712. S2CID 257339654 – via CrossRef.
- ↑ Karkour, Haro L (April 14, 2023). "From the Twenty Years' Crisis to The Climate Crisis: Reconsidering Carr's Thoughts on Nationalism and Global Reform". Journal of International Political Theory. 19 (3): 317–334. doi: 10.1177/17550882231168906 . S2CID 258177403.
- ↑ Shamis, Asaf (January 13, 2023). "Reclaiming A. D. Gordon's Deep Eco-Nationalism". Nations and Nationalism. 29 (1): 85–100. doi: 10.1111/nana.12852 . S2CID 250098496.
- 1 2 Levene, Mark; Conversi, Daniele (April 3, 2014). "Subsistence Societies, Globalisation, Climate Change and Genocide: Discourses of Vulnerability and Resilience". The International Journal of Human Rights. 18 (3): 281–297. doi:10.1080/13642987.2014.914702. S2CID 145556914 – via CrossRef.
- ↑ Conversi, Daniele (January 13, 2021). "Exemplary Ethical Communities. A New Concept for a Livable Anthropocene". Sustainability. 13 (10): 5582. doi: 10.3390/su13105582 . hdl: 10810/51778 .
- ↑ "Enemies of the Planet? Studying the Intersection Between Nationalism and Climate Change". ecpr.eu.
- ↑ "CAMBIAMENTI CLIMATICI".
- ↑ Meyer, John W.; Boli, John; Thomas, George M.; Ramirez, Francisco O. (1997). "World Society and the Nation State". American Journal of Sociology. 103 (1): 144–181. doi:10.1086/231174. JSTOR 10.1086/231174. S2CID 145389958.
- ↑ Conversi, Daniele (March 1, 2010). Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. doi: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.139 .
- ↑ Conversi, Daniele (August 13, 2012). "Majoritarian Democracy and Globalisation versus Ethnic Diversity?". Democratization. 19 (4): 789–811. doi:10.1080/13510347.2011.626947. S2CID 146288346 – via CrossRef.
- ↑ Conversi, Daniele (May 23, 2013). "Between The Hammer of Globalisation and The Anvil of Nationalism: Is Europe's Complex Diversity Under Threat?". Ethnicities. online – via eprints.lse.ac.uk.
- ↑ "Modernity, Globalisation and Nationalism: The Age of Frenzied Boundary-Building".
- ↑ "Sovereignty in a Changing World: From Westphalia to Food Sovereignty: Globalizations: Vol 13, No 4". doi:10.1080/14747731.2016.1150570. S2CID 54860391.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - 1 2 "Art, Nationalism and War: Political Futurism in Italy (1909–1944)".
- ↑ Conversi, Daniele (February 13, 2012). "Modernism and Nationalism". Journal of Political Ideologies. 17 (1): 13–34. doi:10.1080/13569317.2012.644982. S2CID 146353481 – via CrossRef.
- ↑ Conversi, Daniele (July 13, 2022). Skalník, Petr (ed.). Ernest Gellner's Legacy and Social Theory Today. Springer International Publishing. pp. 155–184. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-06805-8_7 – via Springer Link.
- ↑ "Mapping The Field: Theories of Nationalism and The Ethnosymbolic Approach".
- 1 2 Conversi, Daniele (July 13, 2007). "Homogenisation, Nationalism and War: Should We Still Read Ernest Gellner?". Nations and Nationalism. 13 (3): 371–394. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8129.2007.00292.x – via CrossRef.
- ↑ Conversi, Daniele (October 1, 2008). "'We Are All Equals!' Militarism, Homogenization and 'Egalitarianism' in Nationalist State-Building (1789–1945)". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 31 (7): 1286–1314. doi:10.1080/01419870701625450. S2CID 144922254 – via CrossRef.
- ↑ Conversi, Daniele (January 13, 2008). "Democracy, Nationalism and Culture: A Social Critique of Liberal Monoculturalism". Sociology Compass. 2 (1): 156–182. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2007.00063.x – via CrossRef.
- ↑ Conversi, Daniele (November 16, 2016). "Anarchism, Modernism, and Nationalism: Futurism's French Connections, 1876–1915". The European Legacy. 21 (8): 791–811. doi:10.1080/10848770.2016.1180864. S2CID 148353911 – via CrossRef.
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