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Aliyah is the immigration of Jews from the diaspora to, historically, the geographical Land of Israel or the Palestine region, which is today chiefly represented by the State of Israel. Traditionally described as "the act of going up", moving to the Land of Israel or "making aliyah" is one of the most basic tenets of Zionism. The opposite action—emigration by Jews from the Land of Israel—is referred to in the Hebrew language as yerida. The Law of Return that was passed by the Israeli parliament in 1950 gives all diaspora Jews, as well as their children and grandchildren, the right to relocate to Israel and acquire Israeli citizenship on the basis of connecting to their Jewish identity.
Aliyah Bet was the code name given to illegal immigration by Jews, most of whom were refugees escaping from Nazi Germany, and later Holocaust survivors, to Mandatory Palestine between 1920 and 1948, in violation of the restrictions laid out in the British White Paper of 1939, which dramatically increased between 1939 and 1948. With the establishment of the State of Israel in May 1948, Jewish displaced persons and refugees from Europe began streaming into the new sovereign state.
Ruth Klüger Aliav was a Ukrainian-born Romanian and Israeli Jewish Zionist activist, assisting in the Aliya Beth before and after World War II.
The Atlit detainee camp was a concentration camp established by the authorities of Mandatory Palestine in the late 1930s on what is now the Israeli coastal plain, 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of Haifa. Under British rule, it was primarily used to hold Jews and Arabs who were in administrative detention; it largely held Jewish immigrants who did not possess official entry permits. Tens of thousands of Jewish refugees were interned at the camp, which was surrounded by barbed wire and watchtowers.
Bricha, also called the Bericha Movement, was the underground organized effort that helped Jewish Holocaust survivors escape post–World War II Europe to the British Mandate for Palestine in violation of the White Paper of 1939. It ended when Israel declared independence and annulled the White Paper.
The Patria disaster was the sinking on 25 November 1940 by the Jewish paramilitary organization Haganah of a French-built ocean liner, the 11,885-ton SS Patria, in the port of Haifa, killing 267 people and injuring 172.
Exodus 1947 was a packet steamship that was built in the United States in 1928 as President Warfield for the Baltimore Steam Packet Company. From her completion in 1928 until 1942 she carried passengers and freight across Chesapeake Bay between Norfolk, Virginia and Baltimore, Maryland.
The Struma disaster was the sinking on 24 February 1942 of a ship, MV Struma, which had been trying to take nearly 800 Jewish refugees from the Axis member Romania to Mandatory Palestine. She was a small iron-hulled ship of only 240 GRT and had been built in 1867 as a steam-powered schooner but had recently been re-engined with an unreliable second-hand diesel engine. Struma was only 148.4 ft (45 m) long, had a beam of only 19.3 ft (6 m) and a draught of only 9.9 ft (3 m) but an estimated 781 refugees and 10 crew were crammed into her.
The Mossad LeAliyah Bet was a branch of the paramilitary organization Haganah in British Mandatory Palestine, and later the State of Israel, that operated to facilitate Jewish immigration to British Palestine. During the Mandate period, it was facilitating illegal immigration in violation of governmental British restrictions. It operated from 1938 until four years after the founding of the State of Israel in 1952. It was funded directly by the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, and was not subject to the control of the Jewish Agency who operated their own Aliyah department headed by Yitzhak Rafael.
MV Mefküre was a Turkish wooden-hulled motor schooner chartered to carry Jewish Holocaust refugees from Romania to Istanbul, sailing under the Turkish and Red Cross flags. On 5 August 1944 a Soviet submarine sank her in the Black Sea by shellfire, killing more than 300 refugees.
Shmuel "Samek" Yanai was a former Israeli naval commander and chair of the Atlit Museum of Illegal Immigration at the Atlit detainee camp.
Palyam was the sea force of the Palmach.
John Stanley Grauel was a Methodist minister and American Christian Zionist leader. He was a crew member of the Aliyah Bet ship Exodus1947 and a secret Haganah operative. Grauel is credited with being the key individual who persuaded the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine to recommend for the Partition Resolution of November 1947, creating the State of Israel. In a speech to the Jewish Agency, Golda Meir, referred to his testimony as the first appeal by a “priest, a perfectly worthy gentile, a priori, no Jewish witness was to be believed.”
MV Struma was a small ship with a long history that included a number of changes of use and many changes of name. She was built in 1867 as a British marquess's luxury steam yacht and ended up 75 years later as a Greek and Bulgarian diesel ship for carrying livestock. She was launched as Xantha, but subsequently carried the names Sölyst, Sea Maid, Kafireus, Esperos, Makedoniya and finally Struma.
The Kladovo Transport was an illegal Jewish refugee transport, started on November 25, 1939, in Vienna, the aim of which was to flee to Eretz Israel. As a result of an early freeze of the Danube, the refugees in the Yugoslav river-port of Kladovo had to overwinter. As 1940 progressed, they waited in vain for a sea-going vessel to continue their journey. In 1941, they had to move to the port of Šabac on the Sava, where they were caught by the Nazis. Only about 200 young people and a few adults could be saved or escaped on their own. The men of the transport were shot on 12 and 13 October by units of the Wehrmacht on the orders of General Franz Böhme. In early January 1942, the women were transferred to Sajmište concentration camp, where they were murdered between 19 March and 10 May 1942 in a gas van, by order of Herbert Andorfer.
Peretz Rosenberg was one of the early parachutists of Mandatory Palestine. As the radio operator of special forces leader William Deakin, he was parachuted into Yugoslavia in 1943 on a mission to reach the headquarters of Tito. After World War II, he became head of the clandestine radio service of the Haganah. Rosenberg was the inventor of many agricultural water-saving devices.
Samuel Herschel Schulman was the last surviving American crew member of the ship Exodus1947, which tried to bring thousands of Holocaust survivors from Europe to Mandatory Palestine. Born in Terre Haute, Indiana, to Jewish immigrants from Poland, he moved to Paris in 1932, surviving the Holocaust in hiding in central France.
SS Tiger Hill was a cargo ship that was one of the major vessels involved in the Aliyah Bet movement.
Jacob (Yankele), Eugen, Jean Salomon was a member of the Haganah and Palmach. He commanded the Palmach's Fourth Battalion and served as commander of the Haganah in Eastern Europe.
The second USS Cythera (PY-31) was a United States Navy patrol vessel in commission from 1942 to 1944 and in non-commissioned service from 1944 to 1946. She also served in the Israeli Navy as INS Ma'oz from 1948 to 1956.
References
- 1 2 3 "Northern Lighthouse Board Ships". Northern Lighthouse Board. 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "The Darien Story". dariendilemma.com. 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "II דאריאן (Darien II)". Israeli National Maritime Museum (in Hebrew). 2012. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
- ↑ Ozer, Ayhan (February 1992). "The Struma Tragedy". turkishjews.com. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
- ↑ Hague, Arnold (2009). "Ports Database". convoyweb.org.uk. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
- ↑ "Wilson Line". theshipslist.com. 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
- ↑ "The Darien Dilemma Upcoming Screenings". dariendilemma.com. 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2012.