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Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory,as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 482,286.55 km2 (182,812 mi.2),including adjacent islands such as the Simeulue,Nias,Mentawai,Enggano,Riau Islands,Bangka Belitung and Krakatoa archipelago.
Indonesian is the official and national language of Indonesia. It is a standardized variety of Malay,an Austronesian language that has been used as a lingua franca in the multilingual Indonesian archipelago for centuries. With over 280 million inhabitants,Indonesia ranks as the fourth most populous nation globally. The majority of its population predominantly communicates in Indonesian,making it the largest language by number of speakers in Southeast Asia and one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. Indonesian vocabulary has been influenced by various regional languages such as Javanese,Sundanese,Minangkabau,Balinese,Banjarese,and Buginese,as well as by foreign languages such as Arabic,Dutch,Portuguese,and English. Many borrowed words have been adapted to fit the phonetic and grammatical rules of Indonesian,enriching the language and reflecting Indonesia's diverse linguistic heritage.
Malay is an Austronesian language that is an official language of Brunei,Indonesia,Malaysia,and Singapore,and that is also spoken in East Timor and parts of Thailand. Altogether,it is spoken by 290 million people across Maritime Southeast Asia.
Riau is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the central eastern coast of the island of Sumatra,and extends from the eastern slopes of the Barisan Mountains to the Malacca Strait,including several large islands situated within the Strait. The province shares land borders with North Sumatra to the northwest,West Sumatra to the west,and Jambi to the south,and a maritime border with the Riau Islands and the country of Malaysia to the east. It is the second-largest province in the island of Sumatra after South Sumatra,and is slightly larger than the nation of Jordan. According to the 2020 census,Riau had a population of 6,394,087 across a land area of 89,935.90 km²;the official estimate of population as of mid-2023 was 6,642,874. The province comprises ten regencies and two cities,with Pekanbaru serving as the capital and largest city.
Minangkabau is an Austronesian language spoken by the Minangkabau of West Sumatra,the western part of Riau,South Aceh Regency,the northern part of Bengkulu and Jambi,also in several cities throughout Indonesia by migrated Minangkabau. The language is also a lingua franca along the western coastal region of the province of North Sumatra,and is even used in parts of Aceh,where the language is called Aneuk Jamee.
The Riau Islands is a province of Indonesia—not to be confused with neighbouring Riau Province from which the Riau Islands Province were separated in 2002. The capital of the province is Tanjung Pinang,while the largest city is Batam. It shares a maritime border with Riau and Jambi to the east,Bangka Belitung Islands to the south,Singapore to the northeast,Malaysia and West Kalimantan to the west,and Vietnam and Cambodia to the north. It comprises a total of 2,028 islands scattered between Sumatra,Malay Peninsula,and Borneo including the Riau Archipelago. Situated on one of the world's busiest shipping lanes along the Malacca Strait and the Natuna Sea,the province shares water borders with neighboring countries such as Singapore,Malaysia,and Brunei. The Riau Islands also have relatively large potential mineral resources and energy,as well as marine resources.
Indonesian and Malaysian Malay are two standardised varieties of the Malay language,the former used officially in Indonesia and the latter in Brunei,Malaysia and Singapore. Both varieties are generally mutually intelligible,yet there are noticeable differences in spelling,grammar,pronunciation and vocabulary,as well as the predominant source of loanwords. The differences can range from those mutually unintelligible with one another,to those having a closer familial resemblance. The regionalised and localised varieties of Malay can become a catalyst for intercultural conflict,especially in higher education.
The term Proto-Malay,primeval Malays,proto-Hesperonesians,first-wave Hesperonesians or primeval Hesperonesians,which translates to Melayu Asli or Melayu Purba or Melayu Tua,refers to Austronesian speakers who moved from mainland Asia,to the Malay Peninsula and Malay Archipelago in a long series of migrations between 2500 and 1500 BCE,before that of the Deutero-Malays about a thousand years later. The Proto-Malays are descendants of the first humans living in Southeast Asia,and are "ancestral" for humans in east Asia and the Americas.
The Malayic languages are a branch of the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of the Austronesian language family. The most prominent member is Malay,a pluricentric language given national status in Brunei and Singapore while also the basis for national standards Malaysian in Malaysia and Indonesian in Indonesia. The Malayic branch also includes local languages spoken by ethnic Malays,further several languages spoken by various other ethnic groups of Sumatra,Indonesia and Borneo even as far as Urak Lawoi in the southwestern coast of Thailand.
Sri Lankan Malay is a creole language spoken in Sri Lanka,formed as a mixture of Sinhala and Shonam,with Malay being the major lexifier. It is traditionally spoken by the Sri Lankan Malays and among some Sinhalese in Hambantota. Today,the number of speakers of the language have dwindled considerably but it has continued to be spoken notably in the Hambantota District of Southern Sri Lanka,which has traditionally been home to many Sri Lankan Malays.
Malay Indonesians are ethnic Malays living throughout Indonesia. They are one of the indigenous peoples of the country. Indonesian,the national language of Indonesia,is a standardized form of Riau Malay. There were numerous kingdoms associated with the Indonesian Malays along with other ethnicities in what is now Indonesia,mainly on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra. These included Srivijaya,the Melayu Kingdom,Dharmasraya,the Sultanate of Deli,the Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura,the Riau-Lingga Sultanate,the Sultanate of Bulungan,Pontianak Sultanate,and the Sultanate of Sambas. The 2010 census states that there are 8 million Malays in Indonesia;this number comes from the classification of Malays in East Sumatra and the coast of Kalimantan which is recognized by the Indonesian government. This classification is different from the Malaysia and Singapore census which includes all ethnic Muslims from the Indonesian archipelago as Malays.
Martin Haspelmath is a German linguist working in the field of linguistic typology. He is a researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig,where he worked from 1998 to 2015 and again since 2020. Between 2015 and 2020,he worked at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. He is also an honorary professor of linguistics at the University of Leipzig.
The Malayo-Sumbawan languages are a proposed subgroup of the Austronesian languages that unites the Malayic and Chamic languages with the languages of Java and the western Lesser Sunda Islands,except for Javanese. If valid,it would be the largest demonstrated family of Malayo-Polynesian outside Oceanic. The Malayo-Sumbawan subgroup is however not universally accepted,and is rejected e.g. by Blust (2010) and Smith (2017),who supported the Greater North Borneo and Western Indonesian hypotheses. In a 2019 paper published in Oceanic Linguistics,Adelaar accepted both of these groupings,in addition to Smith's (2018) redefinition of Barito languages as forming a linkage.
Maanyan or Maʼanyan is an Austronesian language belonging to the East Barito languages. It is spoken by about 150,000 Ma'anyan people living in the province of Central Kalimantan and South Kalimantan,Indonesia. It is most closely related to the Malagasy language spoken in Madagascar,although these languages are not mutually intelligible due to the geographical separation.
Palembang,also known as Palembang Malay,is a Malayic variety of the Musi dialect chain primarily spoken in the city of Palembang and nearby lowlands,and also as a lingua franca throughout South Sumatra. Since parts of the region used to be under direct Javanese rule for quite a long time,Palembang is significantly influenced by Javanese,down to its core vocabularies.
Larantuka Malay,also known as Nagi,is a Malay-based creole language spoken in the eastern part of Flores in Indonesia,especially in Larantuka. It is a derivative of Malay which is thought to originate from Malacca. It is a language with unspecified linguistic affiliation. According to 2007 data,this language is spoken by 20,000 speakers,mainly the people of East Flores. Larantuka Malay is the mother tongue of the Nagi people. Then it also functions as a second language for several nearby communities.
Ternate is a language of northern Maluku,eastern Indonesia. It is spoken by the Ternate people,who inhabit the island of Ternate,as well as many other areas of the archipelago. It is the dominant indigenous language of North Maluku,historically important as a regional lingua franca. A North Halmahera language,it is unlike most languages of Indonesia which belong to the Austronesian language family.
The North Halmahera (NH) languages are a family of languages spoken in the northern and eastern parts of the island of Halmahera and some neighboring islands in Indonesia. The southwestern part of the island is occupied by the unrelated South Halmahera languages,which are a subgroup of Austronesian. They may be most closely related to the languages of the Bird's Head region of West Papua,but this is not well-established.
This article explains the phonology of Malay and Indonesian based on the pronunciation of Standard Malay,which is the official language of Brunei and Singapore,"Malaysian" of Malaysia,and Indonesian the official language of Indonesia and a working language in Timor Leste. There are two main standards for Malay pronunciation,the Johor-Riau standard,used in Brunei and Malaysia,and the Baku,used in Indonesia and Singapore.
The Moklenic or Moken–Moklen languages consist of a pair of two closely related but distinct languages,namely Moken and Moklen. Larish (1999) establishes the two languages as forming two distinct subgroups of a larger Moken–Moklen branch. Larish (2005) suggests Moklenic as an alternative name for Moken–Moklen,the latter term which was originally used by Larish (1999).
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 CV Archived 2020-03-22 at the Wayback Machine .
- ↑ "David Gil, Author at De Gruyter Conversations". De Gruyter Conversations. Retrieved 2020-01-15.
- ↑ "INDOLING: Languages of the Indo-Pacific Region" . Retrieved 2023-02-25.
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