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In artificial intelligence, an expert system is a computer system emulating the decision-making ability of a human expert. Expert systems are designed to solve complex problems by reasoning through bodies of knowledge, represented mainly as if–then rules rather than through conventional procedural code. The first expert systems were created in the 1970s and then proliferated in the 1980s. Expert systems were among the first truly successful forms of artificial intelligence (AI) software. An expert system is divided into two subsystems: the inference engine and the knowledge base. The knowledge base represents facts and rules. The inference engine applies the rules to the known facts to deduce new facts. Inference engines can also include explanation and debugging abilities.
Logic programming is a programming, database and knowledge-representation and reasoning paradigm which is based on formal logic. A program, database or knowledge base in a logic programming language is a set of sentences in logical form, expressing facts and rules about some problem domain. Major logic programming language families include Prolog, Answer Set Programming (ASP) and Datalog. In all of these languages, rules are written in the form of clauses:
Prolog is a logic programming language that has its origins in artificial intelligence and computational linguistics.
Planner is a programming language designed by Carl Hewitt at MIT, and first published in 1969. First, subsets such as Micro-Planner and Pico-Planner were implemented, and then essentially the whole language was implemented as Popler by Julian Davies at the University of Edinburgh in the POP-2 programming language. Derivations such as QA4, Conniver, QLISP and Ether were important tools in artificial intelligence research in the 1970s, which influenced commercial developments such as Knowledge Engineering Environment (KEE) and Automated Reasoning Tool (ART).
Natural-language understanding (NLU) or natural-language interpretation (NLI) is a subset of natural-language processing in artificial intelligence that deals with machine reading comprehension. Natural-language understanding is considered an AI-hard problem.
In 1983, David H. D. Warren designed an abstract machine for the execution of Prolog consisting of a memory architecture and an instruction set. This design became known as the Warren Abstract Machine (WAM) and has become the de facto standard target for Prolog compilers.
In artificial intelligence, symbolic artificial intelligence is the term for the collection of all methods in artificial intelligence research that are based on high-level symbolic (human-readable) representations of problems, logic and search. Symbolic AI used tools such as logic programming, production rules, semantic nets and frames, and it developed applications such as knowledge-based systems, symbolic mathematics, automated theorem provers, ontologies, the semantic web, and automated planning and scheduling systems. The Symbolic AI paradigm led to seminal ideas in search, symbolic programming languages, agents, multi-agent systems, the semantic web, and the strengths and limitations of formal knowledge and reasoning systems.
The Fifth Generation Computer Systems was a 10-year initiative begun in 1982 by Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) to create computers using massively parallel computing and logic programming. It aimed to create an "epoch-making computer" with supercomputer-like performance and to provide a platform for future developments in artificial intelligence. FGCS was ahead of its time, and its excessive ambitions led to commercial failure. However, on a theoretical level, the project was a strong stimulus for the development of concurrent logic programming.
POP-11 is a reflective, incrementally compiled programming language with many of the features of an interpreted language. It is the core language of the Poplog programming environment developed originally by the University of Sussex, and recently in the School of Computer Science at the University of Birmingham, which hosts the main Poplog website.
Robert Anthony Kowalski is an American-British logician and computer scientist, whose research is concerned with developing both human-oriented models of computing and computational models of human thinking. He has spent most of his career in the United Kingdom.
Logic Programming Associates (LPA) is a company specializing in logic programming and artificial intelligence software. LPA was founded in 1980 and is widely known for its range of Prolog compilers, the Flex expert system toolkit and most recently, VisiRule.
A definite clause grammar (DCG) is a way of expressing grammar, either for natural or formal languages, in a logic programming language such as Prolog. It is closely related to the concept of attribute grammars / affix grammars. DCGs are usually associated with Prolog, but similar languages such as Mercury also include DCGs. They are called definite clause grammars because they represent a grammar as a set of definite clauses in first-order logic.
A deductive language is a computer programming language in which the program is a collection of predicates ('facts') and rules that connect them. Such a language is used to create knowledge based systems or expert systems which can deduce answers to problem sets by applying the rules to the facts they have been given. An example of a deductive language is Prolog, or its database-query cousin, Datalog.
Logtalk is an object-oriented logic programming language that extends and leverages the Prolog language with a feature set suitable for programming in the large. It provides support for encapsulation and data hiding, separation of concerns and enhanced code reuse. Logtalk uses standard Prolog syntax with the addition of a few operators and directives.
Cuthbert Corwin Hurd was an American computer scientist and entrepreneur, who was instrumental in helping the International Business Machines Corporation develop its first general-purpose computers.
In computer science, a rule-based system is a computer system in which domain-specific knowledge is represented in the form of rules and general-purpose reasoning is used to solve problems in the domain.
SICStus Prolog is a proprietary, ISO-conforming implementation of the logic programming language Prolog. It is developed by the Swedish Institute of Computer Science since 1985 and puts a strong focus on performance and scalability.
Inductive programming (IP) is a special area of automatic programming, covering research from artificial intelligence and programming, which addresses learning of typically declarative and often recursive programs from incomplete specifications, such as input/output examples or constraints.
Quintus Prolog is a proprietary implementation of the Prolog programming language based on the Warren Abstract Machine. Originally developed by Quintus Computer Science, it is currently maintained by SICS. It was long known as the most highly-performing implementation of Prolog, and the early 1990s, it defined a de facto standard for Prolog implementations.
References
- ↑ Warren, David H. D. (1978). "Applied logic : its use and implementation as a programming tool". hdl:1842/6648.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ↑ David H. D. Warren at the Mathematics Genealogy Project -- (accessed 10 August 2014)
- ↑ "David H.D. Warren". Alumnus of the Artificial Intelligence Center. Artificial Intelligence Center . Retrieved 26 May 2010.
- ↑ Nils J. Nilsson (1984). "Introduction to the COMTEX Microfiche Edition of the SRI Artificial Intelligence Center Technical Notes". AI Magazine. Vol. 5, no. 1. p. 49.
- ↑ The Artificial intelligence report. Artificial Intelligence Publications. 1983.
- ↑ David E. Weisberg (2008). "Intergraph" (PDF). The Engineering Design Revolution:The People, Companies and Computer Systems That Changed Forever the Practice of Engineering. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 July 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2010.
- ↑ Raina, S.; Warren, D.H.D. (1992). "Traffic patterns in a scalable multiprocessor through transputer emulation". Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. IEEE. pp. 267–276 vol.1. doi:10.1109/HICSS.1992.183173. ISBN 0-8186-2420-5. S2CID 62278813.
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