David J. Rudolph (born 1967) is an American scholar and Director of Messianic Jewish Studies at The King's University, [1] who has written books and articles on the New Testament, Second Temple Judaism, Messianic Jews, intermarriage, and Jewish-Christian relations. [2] His work A Jew to the Jews: Jewish Contours of Pauline Flexibility in 1 Corinthians 9:19-23 won the 2007 Franz Delitzsch Prize from the Freie Theologische Akademie. [3] Rudolph is also a lecturer in New Testament at Messianic Jewish Theological Institute’s School of Jewish Studies and a fellow at the MJTI Center for Jewish-Christian Relations.
David Rudolph (Ph.D., Cambridge University) was born and raised in the greater Washington, D.C. area. [4] After receiving M.A. degrees in Old Testament and Biblical Languages from Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary in South Hamilton, Massachusetts (1999–2002), Rudolph completed a Ph.D. in New Testament at the University of Cambridge under the supervision of Markus Bockmuehl (2002–2007). [5] [6] He went on to serve as director of the School of Jewish Studies at the Messianic Jewish Theological Institute in Los Angeles and scholar-in-residence at the MJTI Center for Jewish-Christian Relations (2008–2011). [6] In 2015 he became Director of Messianic Jewish Studies at The King's University. [7]
Rudolph's work A Jew to the Jews: Jewish Contours of Pauline Flexibility in 1 Corinthians 9:19-23 won the 2007 Franz Delitzsch Prize from the Freie Theologische Akademie in Germany. [3] [8] A review by Robert S. Dutch in the Journal for the Study of the New Testament described the book "a must-read for reconsidering Paul as a Torah-observant Jew and his relationship with Gentiles." [9] J. Brian Tucker's review in the Journal of Beliefs and Values described the book as "a seminal work among New Testament scholars engaged in post-supersessionist interpretation." [10] A review by Jacob Fronczak in Messiah Journal described the book as "one of only a few scholarly contributions by practicing Messianic Jews to the ongoing Jewish/Christian dialogue on Paul." [11]
He served as the rabbi of Shulchan Adonai Messianic Synagogue in Annapolis, Maryland from 1990-1996. [6] [12] He was the rabbi of Tikvat Israel Messianic Synagogue in Richmond, Virginia from 2011-2015. [6] [7] Currently Rudolph is Professor of New Testament and Jewish Studies at The King’s University. [7] Rudolph is also a lecturer in New Testament at the MJTI School of Jewish Studies. [7] [13] As a scholar of Jewish-Christian relations, he has also advocated for the inclusion of Messianic Jews in Jewish-Christian dialogue. [14]
Christianity began as a movement within Second Temple Judaism, but the two religions gradually diverged over the first few centuries of the Christian Era. Today, differences of opinion vary between denominations in both religions, but the most important distinction is Christian acceptance and Jewish non-acceptance of Jesus as the Messiah prophesied in the Hebrew Bible and Jewish tradition. Early Christianity distinguished itself by determining that observance of halakha was not necessary for non-Jewish converts to Christianity. Another major difference is the two religions' conceptions of God. The Christian God consists of three persons of one essence, with the doctrine of the incarnation of the Son in Jesus being of special importance. Judaism emphasizes the Oneness of God and rejects the Christian concept of God in human form. While Christianity recognizes the Hebrew Bible as part of its scriptural canon, Judaism does not recognize the Christian New Testament.
Antisemitism and the New Testament is the discussion of how Christian views of Judaism in the New Testament have contributed to discrimination against Jewish people throughout history and in the present day.
Jews for Jesus is an international Christian missionary organization headquartered in San Francisco, California that is affiliated with the Messianic Jewish religious movement. The group is known for its proselytism of Jews and promotes the belief that Jesus is the Christ and the Son of God. It was founded in 1970 by Moishe Rosen as Hineni Ministries before being incorporated under its current name in 1973.
Messianic Judaism is a modernist and syncretic movement of Protestant Christianity that incorporates some elements of Judaism and other Jewish traditions into the Christian movement of evangelicalism.
Carol Harris-Shapiro is a lecturer at Temple University in the Intellectual Heritage Department. She has written a controversial book on Messianic Judaism, a belief system considered by most Christians and Jews to be a form of Christianity, adhered to by groups that seek to combine Christianity and Judaism.
Pauline Christianity or Pauline theology, otherwise referred to as Gentile Christianity, is the theology and form of Christianity which developed from the beliefs and doctrines espoused by the Hellenistic-Jewish Apostle Paul through his writings and those New Testament writings traditionally attributed to him. Paul's beliefs were rooted in the earliest Jewish Christianity, but they deviated from this Jewish Christianity in their emphasis on inclusion of the Gentiles into God's New Covenant and in his rejection of circumcision as an unnecessary token of upholding the Mosaic Law.
Richard N. Longenecker was a New Testament scholar. He held teaching positions at Wheaton College and Graduate School ; Trinity Evangelical Divinity School (1963-72); Wycliffe College ; University of St. Michael’s College ; and McMaster Divinity College. His education included B.A. and M.A. degrees from Wheaton College, and a Ph.D. from New College in the University of Edinburgh.
David Harold Stern was an American-born Messianic Jewish theologian of Israeli residence. He was the third son of Harold Stern and Marion Levi Stern.
David Baron (1855–1926) was a Jewish convert to Protestantism and co-founder of the Hebrew Christian Testimony to Israel (HCTI) missionary organisation.
The Institutum Judaicum was a special academic course for Protestant theologians who desired to prepare themselves for missionary work among the Jews.
Proto-Gnosticism or pre-Gnosticism refers to movements similar to Gnosticism in the first few centuries of Christianity. Proto-Gnostics did not have the same full fledged theology of the later Gnostics but prefigured some of their views. There is however some debate regarding the existence of proto-Gnosticism in the first century.
Bradford Humes Young, also known as Brad Young, is a professor of Biblical Literature in Judeo Christian Studies at the Graduate Department of Oral Roberts University (ORU). He is also founder and president of the Gospel Research Foundation, Inc.
Christianity in the 1st century covers the formative history of Christianity from the start of the ministry of Jesus to the death of the last of the Twelve Apostles and is thus also known as the Apostolic Age. Early Christianity developed out of the eschatological ministry of Jesus. Subsequent to Jesus' death, his earliest followers formed an apocalyptic messianic Jewish sect during the late Second Temple period of the 1st century. Initially believing that Jesus' resurrection was the start of the end time, their beliefs soon changed in the expected Second Coming of Jesus and the start of God's Kingdom at a later point in time.
Robert A. J. Gagnon is an American theological writer, professor of New Testament Theology at Houston Baptist University, former associate professor of the New Testament at the Pittsburgh Theological Seminary (1994-2017), an expert on biblical homosexuality, and an elder in the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.). He holds a BA from Dartmouth, an MTS from Harvard Divinity School, and a PhD from the Princeton Theological Seminary.
Markus Bockmuehl is a biblical scholar specialising in Early Christianity. He has been the Dean Ireland's Professor of the Exegesis of Holy Scripture at the University of Oxford since 2014, and a Fellow of Keble College, Oxford, since 2007.
Israel College of the Bible, also known as ONE FOR ISRAEL Bible College is a private Hebrew-speaking Messianic Bible college in Netanya, Israel. It is an independent academically accredited institution not recognized by the State of Israel.
Thomas R. Schreiner is an American Reformed Baptist New Testament scholar. He is the James Buchanan Harrison Professor of New Testament Interpretation at the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. He previously taught at Bethel University and Azusa Pacific University. He is also co-chairman of the Christian Standard Bible's Translation Oversight Committee and is the New Testament editor of the ESV Study Bible. Schreiner has degrees from Western Oregon University, Western Seminary, and Fuller Theological Seminary.
Reimund Bieringer is a German theologian, biblical scholar, Professor Emeritus of New Testament Exegesis at the Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies, KU Leuven, Belgium, and a Roman Catholic priest of the Diocese of Speyer in Germany. The main areas of his research include the Second Letter to the Corinthians, the Gospel of John, and biblical hermeneutics.
Eckhard J. Schnabel is a German evangelical theologian and professor of the New Testament. He is the author of numerous scholarly books, Bible commentaries, specialist articles and lexical contributions.
Mark Kinzer is an American Messianic Jewish clergy person, author, and theologian.