 | This biographical article is written like a résumé .(February 2013) |
David Pilbeam (born 21 November 1940 in Brighton, Sussex, England) [1] is the Henry Ford II Professor of the Social Sciences at Harvard University [2] and curator of paleoanthropology at the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He received his Ph.D. from Yale University.
Pilbeam has produced numerous publications related to hominoid evolution since the mid-1960s, with some of his papers reprinted in later books. [a] [o]
In the 1970s, he was a co-discoverer, in the Potwar Plateau of Pakistan, of a nearly complete skull subsequently described as belonging to Sivapithecus indicus , an extinct Late Miocene great ape, on which he published several papers. [c] [d] [e] [f] [g] [h]
In 2005, in honour of his 65th birthday, Pilbeams' students, colleagues, collaborators and friends assembled a collection to honour his work. [3] Pilbeam himself later contributed to a paper honouring Ofer Bar-Yosef. [4]
In the summer of 2007, Pilbeam was appointed interim dean of Harvard College. He oversaw the continuing process of redesigning the undergraduate curriculum, as well as a large increase in financial aid to students and the planning of a housing renewal project. Pilbeam's decision to end reimbursement of social events which provide alcohol was largely unpopular among students. [5]
Pilbeam describes himself as "interested in a wide range of topics involving human and primate evolution". [6] Among his most recent activities has been working with Michel Brunet and colleagues on the description and analysis of the new hominin from Chad, Sahelanthropus tchadensis. [i] [k] [l] [m] [n] He describes his long-term and continuing interests as including "the behavioral reconstruction and phylogenetic relationships of Miocene apes, which broadens to include more theoretical aspects of phylogenetics", and "the analysis of faunal change and its relationship to environmental change" particularly based on an extensive faunal record from the Neogene Siwalik Series of Pakistan. He also describes himself as having recently become interested in evolutionary developmental biology, and particularly in the development and evolution of the anthropoid axial skeleton. [j] [6]
David Pilbeam has written and contributed to numerous papers, the bulk of which are listed below:
a. ^ Pilbeam, D (28 September 1968), "The earliest hominids", Nature , 219 (5161): 1335–8, Bibcode:1968Natur.219.1335P, doi:10.1038/2191335a0, ISSN 0028-0836, PMID 5678014, S2CID 4194361 (see 1987 reprint) [o]
{{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)c. ^ Pilbeam, D.R.; A.K. Behrensmeyer; J.C. Barry; S.M. Ibrahim Shah, eds. (30 November 1979), "Miocene sediments and faunas of Pakistan" (PDF), Postilla, 179, ISSN 0079-4295, archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2010, retrieved 3 May 2010
d. ^ Pilbeam, D.R.; M.D. Rose; C. Badgley & B. Lipschutz (30 November 1980), "Miocene hominoids from Pakistan" (PDF), Postilla, 181: 1–94, ISSN 0079-4295, archived from the original (PDF) on 27 June 2010, retrieved 3 May 2010
e. ^ David Pilbeam (21 January 1982), "New hominoid skull material from the Miocene of Pakistan", Nature, 295 (5846): 232–234, Bibcode:1982Natur.295..232P, doi:10.1038/295232a0, PMID 6799831, S2CID 7010601
f. ^ Kelley J, Pilbeam D (1986), "Kenyan finds not early Miocene Sivapithecus", Nature, 321 (6069): 475–6, Bibcode:1986Natur.321..475K, doi:10.1038/321475c0, PMID 3086744, S2CID 4355067
g. ^ David Pilbeam; Michael D. Rose; John C. Barry; S. M. Ibrahim Shah (15 November 1990), "New Sivapithecus humeri from Pakistan and the relationship of Sivapithecus and Pongo", Nature, 348 (6298): 237–239, Bibcode:1990Natur.348..237P, doi:10.1038/348237a0, PMID 2234091, S2CID 4047871
h. ^ Madar SI, Rose MD, Kelley J, MacLatchy L, Pilbeam D (June 2002), "New Sivapithecus postcranial specimens from the Siwaliks of Pakistan", Journal of Human Evolution, 42 (6): 705–52, doi:10.1006/jhev.2002.0554, PMID 12069507
i. ^ Brunet M, Guy F, Pilbeam D, et al. (11 July 2002), "A new hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa" (PDF), Nature, 418 (6894): 145–51, Bibcode:2002Natur.418..145B, doi:10.1038/nature00879, PMID 12110880, S2CID 1316969
j. ^ Pilbeam, D (May 15, 2004), "The anthropoid postcranial axial skeleton: comments on development, variation, and evolution", Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution, 302 (3): 241–267, doi:10.1002/jez.b.22, PMID 15211685, S2CID 15208691
k. ^ Michel Brunet; Franck Guy; David Pilbeam; Daniel E. Lieberman; Andossa Likius, Hassane; T. Mackaye; Marcia S. Ponce de Leon; Christof P.E. Zollikofer & Patrick Vignaud (7 April 2005), "New material of the earliest hominid from the upper Miocene of Chad" (PDF), Nature , 434 (7034): 752–755, Bibcode:2005Natur.434..752B, doi:10.1038/nature03392, PMID 15815627, S2CID 3726177 , retrieved 1 May 2010
l. ^ Christof P.E. Zollikofer; Marcia S. Ponce de Leon; Daniel E. Lieberman; Franck Guy; David Pilbeam; Andossa Likius; Hassane, T. Mackaye; Patrick Vignaud & Michel Brunet (7 April 2005), "Virtual cranial reconstruction Sahelanthropus tchadensis" (PDF), Nature, 434 (7034): 755–759, Bibcode:2005Natur.434..755Z, doi:10.1038/nature03397, PMID 15815628, S2CID 4362525 , retrieved 1 May 2010
m. ^ Franck Guy; Daniel E. Lieberman; David Pilbeam; Marcia S. Ponce de Leon; Andossa Likius, Hassane; T. Mackaye; Patrick Vignaud; Christof P.E. Zollikofer & Michel Brunet (27 December 2005), "Morphological affinities of the Sahelanthropus tchadensis (Late Miocene hominid from Chad) cranium", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102 (52): 18836–18841, Bibcode:2005PNAS..10218836G, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0509564102 , PMC 1323204 , PMID 16380424 PDF fulltext Supporting Tables
n. ^ Guy F, Lieberman D, Pilbeam D, Ponde de Leon M, Likius A, Mackaye H, Vignaud P, Zollikofer C, Brunet M (March 2006), "Morphological affinities of the Sahelanthropus tchadensis cranium: oldest representing of the human family]", Médecine/Sciences, 22 (3): 250–1, doi: 10.1051/medsci/2006223250 , PMID 16527204
Pilbeam also authored, co-authored, edited and contributed to (e.g. in forewords) books, with some key publications below.
o. ^ Pilbeam, D.R (1987), "The earliest hominids", in Ciochon, Russell L.; Fleagle, John G (eds.), Primate Evolution and Human Origins, New York: Aldine de Gruyter, ISBN 978-0-202-01175-2 (Reprint of 1968 article in Nature). [a]
Homininae, also called "African hominids" or "African apes", is a subfamily of Hominidae. It includes two tribes, with their extant as well as extinct species: 1) the tribe Hominini ―and 2) the tribe Gorillini (gorillas). Alternatively, the genus Pan is sometimes considered to belong to its own third tribe, Panini. Homininae comprises all hominids that arose after orangutans split from the line of great apes. The Homininae cladogram has three main branches, which lead to gorillas, and to humans and chimpanzees via the tribe Hominini and subtribes Hominina and Panina. There are two living species of Panina and two living species of gorillas, but only one extant human species. Traces of extinct Homo species, including Homo floresiensis have been found with dates as recent as 40,000 years ago. Organisms in this subfamily are described as hominine or hominines.
Sahelanthropus tchadensis is an extinct species of the Homininae dated to about 7 million years ago, during the Miocene epoch. The species, and its genus Sahelanthropus, was announced in 2002, based mainly on a partial cranium, nicknamed Toumaï, discovered in northern Chad.
Ponginae, also known as the Asian hominids, is a subfamily in the family Hominidae. Once a diverse lineage of Eurasian apes, the subfamily has only one extant genus, Pongo (orangutans), which contains three extant species; the Sumatran orangutan, the Tapanuli orangutan and the Bornean orangutan. All three species are listed as critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
Sivapithecus is a genus of extinct apes. Fossil remains of animals now assigned to this genus, dated from 12.2 million years old in the Miocene, have been found since the 19th century in the Siwalik Hills of the Indian subcontinent as well as in Kutch. Any one of the species in this genus may have been the ancestor to the modern orangutans.
Dryopithecus is a genus of extinct great apes from the middle–late Miocene boundary of Europe 12.5 to 11.1 million years ago (mya). Since its discovery in 1856, the genus has been subject to taxonomic turmoil, with numerous new species being described from single remains based on minute differences amongst each other, and the fragmentary nature of the holotype specimen makes differentiating remains difficult. There is currently only one uncontested species, the type species D. fontani, though there may be more. The genus is placed into the tribe Dryopithecini, which is either an offshoot of orangutans, African apes, or is its own separate branch.
The Hominini form a taxonomic tribe of the subfamily Homininae ("hominines"). Hominini includes the extant genera Homo (humans) and Pan and in standard usage excludes the genus Gorilla (gorillas).
Ouranopithecus is a genus of extinct Eurasian great ape represented by two species, Ouranopithecus macedoniensis, a late Miocene hominoid from Greece and Ouranopithecus turkae, also from the late Miocene of Turkey.
Australopithecus bahrelghazali is an extinct species of australopithecine discovered in 1995 at Koro Toro, Bahr el Gazel, Chad, existing around 3.5 million years ago in the Pliocene. It is the first and only australopithecine known from Central Africa, and demonstrates that this group was widely distributed across Africa as opposed to being restricted to East and southern Africa as previously thought. The validity of A. bahrelghazali has not been widely accepted, in favour of classifying the specimens as A. afarensis, a better known Pliocene australopithecine from East Africa, because of the anatomical similarity and the fact that A. bahrelghazali is known only from 3 partial jawbones and an isolated premolar. The specimens inhabited a lakeside grassland environment with sparse tree cover, possibly similar to the modern Okavango Delta, and similarly predominantly ate C4 savanna foods—such as grasses, sedges, storage organs, or rhizomes—and to a lesser degree also C3 forest foods—such as fruits, flowers, pods, or insects. However, the teeth seem ill-equipped to process C4 plants, so its true diet is unclear.
Michel Brunet is a French paleontologist and a professor at the Collège de France. In 2001 Brunet announced the discovery in Central Africa of the skull and jaw remains of a late Miocene hominid nicknamed Toumaï. These remains may predate the earliest previously known hominid remains, Lucy, by over three million years; however, this conclusion is the subject of a significant controversy.
Indopithecus giganteus is an extinct species of large ape that lived in the late Miocene of the Siwalik Hills in northern India. Although frequently assigned to the more well-known genus Gigantopithecus, recent authors consider it to be a distinct genus in its own right.
Lufengpithecus is an extinct genus of ape in the subfamily Ponginae. It is known from thousands of dental remains and a few skulls and probably weighed about 50 kg (110 lb). It contains three species: L. lufengensis, L. hudienensis and L. keiyuanensis. Lufengpithecus lufengensis is from the Late Miocene found in China, named after the Lufeng site and dated around 6.2 Ma. It is the latest Miocene fossil ape that has been discovered in the entire world. Some researchers believe that genus Lufengpithecus could be an ancestor to African apes.
The Hominidae, whose members are known as the great apes or hominids, are a taxonomic family of primates that includes eight extant species in four genera: Pongo ; Gorilla ; Pan ; and Homo, of which only modern humans remain.
The chimpanzee–human last common ancestor (CHLCA) is the last common ancestor shared by the extant Homo (human) and Pan genera of Hominini. Estimates of the divergence date vary widely from thirteen to five million years ago.
Morotopithecus is a species of fossil ape discovered in Miocene-age deposits of Moroto, Uganda.
Hominid dispersals in Europe refers to the colonisation of the European continent by various species of hominid, including hominins and archaic and modern humans.
Khoratpithecus is an extinct genus of pongin primates that lived during the late Miocene in Myanmar and Thailand.
Rangwapithecus is an extinct genus of ape from the Early Miocene of Kenya. Late Miocene phalanges from Hungary have also been assigned to this genus, but were later reclassified as Dryopithecus.
Graecopithecus is an extinct genus of hominid that lived in southeast Europe during the late Miocene around 7.2 million years ago. Originally identified by a single lower jaw bone bearing a molar tooth found in Pyrgos Vasilissis, Athens, Greece, in 1944, other tooth specimens were discovered from Azmaka quarry in Bulgaria in 2012. With only little and badly preserved materials to reveal its nature, it is considered as "the most poorly known European Miocene hominoids." The creature was popularly nicknamed 'El Graeco' by scientists.
Daniel E. Lieberman is a paleoanthropologist at Harvard University, where he is the Edwin M Lerner II Professor of Biological Sciences, and Professor in the Department of Human Evolutionary Biology. He is best known for his research on the evolution of the human head and the human body.
The phylogenetic split of Hominidae into the subfamilies Homininae and Ponginae is dated to the middle Miocene, roughly 18 to 14 million years ago. This split is also referenced as the "orangutan–human last common ancestor" by Jeffrey H. Schwartz, professor of anthropology at the University of Pittsburgh School of Arts and Sciences, and John Grehan, director of science at the Buffalo Museum.
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