Look up defter in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
A defter was a type of tax register and land cadastre in the Ottoman Empire. [1]
A defter was a type of tax register and land cadastre in the Ottoman Empire. [1]
The term is derived from Greek diphtheraδιφθέρα, literally 'processed animal skin, leather, fur', meaning a book, having pages of goat parchment [2] used along with papyrus as paper in Ancient Greece, borrowed into Arabic as دفتر:daftar, meaning a register or a notebook.
The information collected could vary, but tahrir defterleri typically included details of villages, dwellings, household heads (adult males and widows), ethnicity/religion (because these could affect tax liabilities/exemptions), and land use. [3] The defter-i hakâni was a land registry, also used for tax purposes. [4] Each town had a defter and typically an officiator or someone in an administrative role to determine whether the information should be recorded. The officiator was usually some kind of learned man who had knowledge of state regulations. The defter was used to record family interactions such as marriage and inheritance. [5] These records are useful for historians because such information allows for a more in-depth understanding of land ownership among Ottomans. This is particularly helpful when attempting to study the daily affairs of Ottoman citizens.
Some Ottoman officials responsible for these tax registries were known as defterdars .
Records of this kind are known as daftars in Northern India as well, for instance the Peshwa's daftar of Pune. [6]
Sha'ab is an Arab town and local council in the Northern District of Israel. It has an area of 5,442 dunams of land under its jurisdiction. In 2021 its population was 7,381.
Giaour or Gawur, meaning "infidel", was a slur historically used in the Ottoman Empire for non-Muslims or, more particularly, Christians in the Balkans.
The history of Ottoman Bulgaria spans nearly 500 years, from the conquest of the smaller kingdoms emerging from the disintegrating Second Bulgarian Empire by the Ottoman Empire in the late 14th century, to the Liberation of Bulgaria in 1878. The brutal suppression of the Bulgarian April Uprising of 1876 and the public outcry it caused across Europe led to the Constantinople Conference, where the Great Powers tabled a joint proposal for the creation of two autonomous Bulgarian vilayets, largely corresponding to the ethnic boundaries drawn a decade earlier with the establishment of the Bulgarian Exarchate.
Elassona is a town and a municipality in the Larissa regional unit in Greece. During antiquity Elassona was called Oloosson (Ὀλοοσσών) and was a town of the Perrhaebi tribe. It is situated at the foot of Mount Olympus. Elassona is bypassed by the GR-3.
Çaykara is a municipality and district of Trabzon Province, Turkey. Its area is 574 km2, and its population is 13,070 (2022). As of 2023, the Mayor of Çaykara is Hanefi Tok (AKP). Çaykara village lies in a V-shaped valley along the Solaklı River in the Pontic Mountains, at an elevation of around 300 metres. Çaykara district lies to the south of Dernekpazarı (Kondu) and forms the upper part of the Of-valley system, with peaks reaching to over 3300 meters. The western half of İkizdere district - which lies just east of Çaykara and is now part of Rize province - was historically also part of the same administrative and cultural region. Large swathes of the district are made up of old-growth temperate broadleaf and mixed forest, gradually making way for alpine tundra at higher altitudes.
Alexandreia or Alexandria (Greek: Αλεξάνδρεια, Alexándreia [ale'ksaŋðria]; before 1953: Gidas is a city in the Imathia regional unit of Macedonia, Greece. Its population was 14,821 at the 2011 census. Alexandreia is a rapidly developing city focusing to boost its economy through agriculture, merchandising, alternative tourism and other alternative actions.
A timar was a land grant by the sultans of the Ottoman Empire between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries, with an annual tax revenue of less than 20,000 akçes. The revenues produced from the land acted as compensation for military service. A holder of a timar was known as a timariot. If the revenues produced from the timar were from 20,000 to 100,000 akçes, the land grant was called a zeamet, and if they were above 100,000 akçes, the grant would be called a hass.
Taḥrīr, Arabic: تحرير is a word of Arabic origin, meaning liberation.
Genisea is a town in the Vistonida municipal unit, within the municipality of Abdera in the Xanthi regional unit of Greece. It is the seat of the municipality Abdera. According to the 2011 census, the population of Genisea was 2,185 inhabitants.
Chiflik, or chiftlik, is a Turkish term for a system of land management in the Ottoman Empire. Before the chiflik system the Empire used a non-hereditary form of land management called the Timar System. Starting as the Empire began to collapse, powerful military officers started to claim land from the Sultan's holding allowing them to pass the land onto their sons thus creating the Chiflik system. This form of land management lasted from the sixteenth century to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1919.
The Ottoman Land Code of 1858 was the beginning of a systematic land reform programme during the Tanzimat (reform) period of the Ottoman Empire in the second half of the 19th century. This was followed by the 1873 land emancipation act.
Tekalif-i örfiye was a type of taxation in the Ottoman Empire.
İspençe was a land tax levied on non-Muslims in the Ottoman Empire.
Avarız was a property tax in the Ottoman Empire, an annual cash tax paid by households registered in a defter.
The adet-i ağnam was an annual tax on sheep and goats in the Ottoman Empire. Initially, the tax was known as resm-i ağnam; the name changed around 1550.
Taxation in the Ottoman Empire changed drastically over time, and was a complex patchwork of different taxes, exemptions, and local customs.
The Resm-i Çift was a tax in the Ottoman Empire. It was a tax on farmland, assessed at a fixed annual rate per çift, and paid by land-owning Muslims. Some Imams and some civil servants were exempted from the resm-i çift.
The tapu resmi was a feudal land tax in the Ottoman Empire.
The resm-i dönüm was a land tax in the Ottoman Empire; it was a divani tax paid each year to the landowner or timar holder, typically on 1 March.
The Cadastre Bureau was an Ottoman Empire agency. The bureau served as a registry of real estate, but did not classify any land themselves. George Young, author of Corps de droit ottoman, wrote that the common French translation was "Bureau de Cadastre", but he labeled it as the Ministry of the Cadastre.