Delroy L. Paulhus

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Delroy L. Paulhus is a personality psychology researcher and professor. He received his doctorate from Columbia University and has worked at the University of California, Berkeley and the University of California, Davis. Currently, Paulhus is a professor of psychology at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada where he teaches undergraduate and graduate courses. [1] He is best known for being the co creator of the dark triad, along with fellow researcher Kevin Williams. [2] [3] [4]

Contents

Research

Since graduating, he has published 150 books, chapters and research articles on a variety of domains such as response styles, self-enhancement, dark personalities, intelligence, [5] social cognition, acculturation, [6] person perception, culture, perceived control, interpersonal capabilities and flexibility, educational measurement, psychological defense, birth order, interpersonal circumplex, altruism, and free will. Novel contributions include the dark triad, everyday sadism, the over-claiming technique, a taxonomy of social desirability scales, spheres of control, and exemplars of intelligence. [7]

Response styles

Paulhus has provided influential reviews of questionnaire response styles such as socially desirable responding (SDR), acquiescence, and extreme responding. (See Paulhus, 1991). [8] With regard to SDR, he framed the distinction between impression management and self-deceptive biases and went on to measure them separately using the BIDR. In later work, he organized SDR in terms of agency and communion. [9] Most recently, Paulhus developed an objective measure of bias using the over-claiming technique. [10]

Dark personalities

Paulhus and Williams (2002) coined the term "dark triad" in referring to three socially aversive personalities: Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy. The research showed both similarities and differences among the three constructs. [11] Their distinctiveness was confirmed in studies of associations with impulsivity, aggression, body modification, mate choice, sexual deviancy, scholastic cheating, revenge, and the personality of stalkers. [12] A fourth member, everyday sadism, was recently added to the pantheon of dark personalities. [13] Questionnaire measures are available in a chapter by Paulhus and Jones (2015). [14]

Measures developed

Among his most popular scales are the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR-6), the UBC Word Test, the Self-Report Psychopathy Scale, [15] the Spheres of Control (SOC) inventory, the Free Will & Determinism (FAD) scale, [16] the Short Dark Triad (SD3), [17] and several Over-Claiming Questionnaires (OCQ).

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Personality test</span> Method of assessing human personality constructs

A personality test is a method of assessing human personality constructs. Most personality assessment instruments are in fact introspective self-report questionnaire measures or reports from life records (L-data) such as rating scales. Attempts to construct actual performance tests of personality have been very limited even though Raymond Cattell with his colleague Frank Warburton compiled a list of over 2000 separate objective tests that could be used in constructing objective personality tests. One exception, however, was the Objective-Analytic Test Battery, a performance test designed to quantitatively measure 10 factor-analytically discerned personality trait dimensions. A major problem with both L-data and Q-data methods is that because of item transparency, rating scales, and self-report questionnaires are highly susceptible to motivational and response distortion ranging from lack of adequate self-insight to downright dissimulation depending on the reason/motivation for the assessment being undertaken.

In social science research, social-desirability bias is a type of response bias that is the tendency of survey respondents to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others. It can take the form of over-reporting "good behavior" or under-reporting "bad", or undesirable behavior. The tendency poses a serious problem with conducting research with self-reports. This bias interferes with the interpretation of average tendencies as well as individual differences.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sadistic personality disorder</span> Former personality disorder involving sadism

Sadistic personality disorder is an obsolete term for a proposed personality disorder defined by a pervasive pattern of sadistic and cruel behavior. People who fitted this diagnosis were thought to have a desire to control others and to have accomplished this through use of physical or emotional violence. The diagnosis proposal appeared in the appendix of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R), however it was never put to use in clinical settings and later versions of the DSM had it removed. Among other reasons, psychiatrists believed it would be used to legally excuse sadistic behavior.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Narcissism</span> Excessive preoccupation with oneself

Narcissism is a self-centered personality style characterized as having an excessive preoccupation with oneself and one's own needs, often at the expense of others. Narcissism, rooted in Greek mythology, has evolved into a psychological concept studied extensively since the early 20th century, highlighting its relevance across various societal domains.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Agreeableness</span> Personality trait

Agreeableness is a personality trait referring to individuals that are perceived as kind, sympathetic, cooperative, warm, honest, and considerate. In personality psychology, agreeableness is one of the five major dimensions of personality structure, reflecting individual differences in cooperation and social harmony.

Psychopathy, or psychopathic personality, is a personality construct characterized by impaired empathy and remorse, in combination with traits of boldness, disinhibition, and egocentrism. These traits are often masked by superficial charm and immunity to stress, which create an outward appearance of feigned normalcy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dark triad</span> Offensive personality types

The dark triad is a psychological theory of personality, first published by Delroy L. Paulhus and Kevin M. Williams in 2002, that describes three notably offensive, but non-pathological personality types: Machiavellianism, sub-clinical narcissism, and sub-clinical psychopathy. Each of these personality types is called dark because each is considered to contain malevolent qualities.

The Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) was developed in 1979 by Raskin and Hall, and since then, has become one of the most widely utilized personality measures for non-clinical levels of the trait narcissism. Since its initial development, the NPI has evolved from 220 items to the more commonly employed NPI-40 (1984) and NPI-16 (2006), as well as the novel NPI-1 inventory (2014). Derived from the DSM-III criteria for Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), the NPI has been employed heavily by personality and social psychology researchers.

In psychology, manipulation is defined as an action designed to influence or control another person, usually in an underhanded or unfair manner which facilitates one's personal aims. Methods someone may use to manipulate another person may include seduction, suggestion, coercion, and blackmail to induce submission. Manipulation is generally considered a dishonest form of social influence as it is used at the expense of others. Barring mental disabilities, humans are inherently capable of manipulative and deceptive behavior, with the main differences being of specific personality characteristics or disorders.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HEXACO model of personality structure</span> Six-dimensional model of human personality

The HEXACO model of personality structure is a six-dimensional model of human personality that was created by Ashton and Lee and explained in their book, The H Factor of Personality, based on findings from a series of lexical studies involving several European and Asian languages. The six factors, or dimensions, include honesty-humility (H), emotionality (E), extraversion (X), agreeableness (A), conscientiousness (C), and openness to experience (O). Each factor is composed of traits with characteristics indicating high and low levels of the factor. The HEXACO model was developed through similar methods as other trait taxonomies and builds on the work of Costa and McCrae and Goldberg. The model, therefore, shares several common elements with other trait models. However, the HEXACO model is unique mainly due to the addition of the honesty-humility dimension.

The Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy scale (LSRP) is a 26-item, 4-point Likert scale, self-report inventory to measure primary and secondary psychopathy in non-institutionalized populations. It was developed in 1995 by Michael R. Levenson, Kent A. Kiehl and Cory M. Fitzpatrick. The scale was created for the purpose of conducting a psychological study examining antisocial disposition among a sample of 487 undergraduate students attending psychology classes at the University of California, Davis.

The honesty-humility factor is one of the six basic personality traits of the HEXACO model of personality. Honesty-humility is a basic personality trait representing the tendency to be fair and genuine when dealing with others, in the sense of cooperating with others, even when someone might utilize them without suffering retaliation. People with very high levels of the honesty-humility avoid manipulating for personal gain, feel little desire to break rules, are uninterested in wealth and luxuries, and feel no special right to elevated social status. Conversely, persons with very low levels on this scale will compliment others to get whatever they want, are inclined to break the rules for personal gains, are motivated by material gain, and feel a strong sense of self-importance.

Machiavellianism in the workplace is a concept studied by many organizational psychologists. Conceptualized originally by Richard Christie and Florence Geis, Machiavellianism in psychology refers to a personality trait construct based on a cold, callous and exploitative orientation. It has been adapted and applied to the context of the workplace and organizations by psychology academics. Oliver James wrote on the effects of Machiavellianism and other dark triad personality traits in the workplace, the others being narcissism and psychopathy.

Everyday sadism is a personality trait characterized by the enjoyment of inflicting or witnessing pain upon other people or animals. Those who fit the characteristic are referred to as "sadists" or as "sadistic". Sadism has been associated with a lack of empathy, and with psychopathic traits.

The Dark Triad Dirty Dozen (DTDD) is a brief 12-question personality inventory test to assess the possible presence of the three subclinical dark triad traits: Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy. The DTDD was developed to identify the dark triad traits among subclinical adult populations. It is a screening test.

Adrian Frank Furnham is a South African-born British BPS chartered occupational psychologist and chartered health psychologist. He is currently an adjunct professor at BI Norwegian Business School and a professor at University College London. Throughout his career, he has lectured in the following post-secondary institutions: Pembroke College, Oxford, University of New South Wales, University of West Indies, Hong Kong University Business School, and the Henley Management College.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Machiavellianism (psychology)</span> Personality construct

In the field of personality psychology, Machiavellianism is the name of a personality trait construct characterized by interpersonal manipulation, indifference to morality, lack of empathy, and a calculated focus on self-interest. Psychologists Richard Christie and Florence L. Geis created the construct and named it after Niccolò Machiavelli, as they used truncated and edited statements similar to his writing style to study variations in human behaviors. The construct's relation to the thinker himself is exclusively nominal. Their Mach IV test, a 20-question, Likert-scale personality survey, became the standard self-assessment tool and scale of the Machiavellianism construct. Those who score high on the scale are more likely to have a high level of manipulativeness, deceitfulness and a cynical, unemotional temperament.

Richard Christie (1918–1992) was an American social and personality psychologist. He was influential in many studies on human psychology, most notably in the creation of the personality trait known as Machiavellianism.

The MACH-IV is a 20 question Likert scale psychometric designed to test levels of Machiavellianism in individuals. In personality psychology, Machiavellianism refers to a personality construct which comprises manipulativeness, deceitfulness, and a callous, calculating orientation. It is the most widely used Machiavellianism test by researchers.

The Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR) is a psychometric tool that serves as a 40-item self-report questionnaire. BIDR assesses the potential social desirability bias in respondents' answers and further shows the composition of impression management (IM) and self-deception enhancement (SDE) within that bias.

References

  1. ↑ "Delroy Paulhus".
  2. ↑ Kaufman, Scott Barry. "The Light Triad vs. Dark Triad of Personality". Scientific American Blog Network. Retrieved 2022-09-12.
  3. ↑ "How dark is your personality?".
  4. ↑ "Psychology: The man who studies everyday evil".
  5. ↑ Paulhus, D. L., Lysy, D., & Yik, M. S M. (1998). Self-report measures of intelligence: Are they useful as proxy measures of IQ. Journal of Personality, 66, 525-554.
  6. ↑ Ryder, A.G., Alden, L.E., & Paulhus, D.L. (2000). Is acculturation unidimensional or bidimensional?: A head-to-head comparison in the prediction of demographics, personality, self-identity, and adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 49-65.
  7. ↑ Paulhus, D.L., Wehr, P., Harms, P.D., & Strasser, D.I. (2002). Use of exemplar surveys to reveal implicit theories of intelligence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1051-1062.
  8. ↑ Paulhus, D.L. (1991). Measures and control of response bias. In J.P. Robinson, P.R. Shaver, & L.S. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological constructs (pp.17-59). San Diego: Academic Press.
  9. ↑ Paulhus, D.L., & Trapnell, P.D. (2008). Self-presentation: An agency-communion framework. In O.P. John, R.W. Robins, & L.A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 492-517). New York: Guilford.
  10. ↑ Paulhus, D.L., Harms, P.D., Bruce, M.N., & Lysy, D.C. (2003). The over-claiming technique: Measuring self-enhancement independent of ability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 681-693.
  11. ↑ Paulhus, D.L., & Williams, K. (2002). The Dark Triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 556-568.
  12. ↑ Paulhus(2014). Toward a taxonomy of dark personalities. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23, 421-426.
  13. ↑ Buckels, E.E., Jones, D.N., & Paulhus, D.L (2013. Behavioral confirmation of everyday sadism. Psychological Science, 24,, 2201-09.
  14. ↑ Paulhus, D. L., & Jones, D. N. (2015). Measures of dark personalities. In G. J. Boyle, D. H. Saklofske, & G. Matthews (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological constructs (pp.562-594). San Diego: Academic Press.
  15. ↑ Paulhus, D.L., Neumann, C.S., & Hare, R. (2015). Manual for the Self-Report Psychopathy scales. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems
  16. ↑ Paulhus, D.L., & Carey, J.M. (2011). FAD-Plus: Measurement of beliefs regarding free will and related constructs. Journal of Personality Assessment, 93, 96–104.
  17. ↑ Jones, D.N., & Paulhus, D.L. (2014). Introducing the Short Dark Triad (SD3): A brief measure of dark personality traits. Assessment, 21, 28-41.
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