Dharmendra Modha

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Dharmendra Modha
Dharmendra Modha (Photo 2016).jpg
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Dharmendra Modha
Nationality American
Employer IBM
Website modha.org

Dharmendra S. Modha is an Indian American manager and lead researcher of the Cognitive Computing group at IBM Almaden Research Center. [1] [2] He is known for his pioneering works in Artificial Intelligence and Mind Simulation. [3] In November 2009, Modha announced at a supercomputing conference that his team had written a program that simulated a cat brain. [4] He is the recipient of multiple honors, including the Gordon Bell Prize, given each year to recognize outstanding achievement in high-performance computing applications. [5] In November 2012, Modha announced on his blog that using 96 Blue Gene/Q racks of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Sequoia supercomputer (1,572,864 processor cores, 1.5 PB memory, 98,304 MPI processes, and 6,291,456 threads), a combined IBM and LBNL team achieved an unprecedented scale of 2.084 billion neurosynaptic cores containing 530 billion neurons and 137 trillion synapses running only 1542× slower than real time. [6] In August 2014 a paper describing the TrueNorth Architecture, "the first-ever production-scale 'neuromorphic' computer chip designed to work more like a mammalian brain than" a processor [7] was published in the journal Science. [8] TrueNorth project culminated in a 64 million neuron system for running deep neural network applications. [9]

Contents

Personal life

Modha holds a BTech in Computer Science and Engineering from IIT Bombay (1990), [10] India and a PhD in Electrical and Computer Engineering from UCSD. He received his PhD at the Jacobs School of Engineering in 1995 and is now manager of Cognitive Computing at IBM's Almaden Research Center and a Master Inventor. He is a Senior Member of IEEE and a member of AAAS, ACM, and SfN. [11] [12]

Achievements

Modha is manager of the Cognitive Computing group at IBM's Almaden Research Center. He chaired IBM's 2006 Almaden Institute on Cognitive Computing, co-chaired Cognitive Computing 2007 at Berkeley, CA, and was a speaker at the Decade of the Mind Symposium in May 2007. He is the Principal Investigator for DARPA SyNAPSE proposal that brought together IBM (Almaden, Watson, Zurich, India), Stanford University, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Cornell University, Columbia University, and University of California at Merced to embark upon the ambitious quest of cognitive computing to engineer intelligent business machines by reverse-engineering the computational function of the brain and delivering it in a small, energy efficient chip. [12] [13] Over the last two decades, he has founded two start-up companies, been issued 26 U.S. patents and has authored over 40 publications in international journals and conferences. [12]

Recognition

Criticism

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cognitive science</span> Interdisciplinary scientific study of cognitive processes

Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary, scientific study of the mind and its processes. It examines the nature, the tasks, and the functions of cognition. Mental faculties of concern to cognitive scientists include language, perception, memory, attention, reasoning, and emotion; to understand these faculties, cognitive scientists borrow from fields such as linguistics, psychology, artificial intelligence, philosophy, neuroscience, and anthropology. The typical analysis of cognitive science spans many levels of organization, from learning and decision to logic and planning; from neural circuitry to modular brain organization. One of the fundamental concepts of cognitive science is that "thinking can best be understood in terms of representational structures in the mind and computational procedures that operate on those structures."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neuroscience</span> Scientific study of the nervous system

Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system, its functions, and its disorders. It is a multidisciplinary science that combines physiology, anatomy, molecular biology, developmental biology, cytology, psychology, physics, computer science, chemistry, medicine, statistics, and mathematical modeling to understand the fundamental and emergent properties of neurons, glia and neural circuits. The understanding of the biological basis of learning, memory, behavior, perception, and consciousness has been described by Eric Kandel as the "epic challenge" of the biological sciences.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IBM Blue Gene</span> Series of supercomputers by IBM

Blue Gene was an IBM project aimed at designing supercomputers that can reach operating speeds in the petaFLOPS (PFLOPS) range, with low power consumption.

Artificial consciousness, also known as machine consciousness, synthetic consciousness, or digital consciousness, is the consciousness hypothesized to be possible in artificial intelligence. It is also the corresponding field of study, which draws insights from philosophy of mind, philosophy of artificial intelligence, cognitive science and neuroscience. The same terminology can be used with the term "sentience" instead of "consciousness" when specifically designating phenomenal consciousness.

Bio-inspired computing, short for biologically inspired computing, is a field of study which seeks to solve computer science problems using models of biology. It relates to connectionism, social behavior, and emergence. Within computer science, bio-inspired computing relates to artificial intelligence and machine learning. Bio-inspired computing is a major subset of natural computation.

Neuromorphic computing is an approach to computing that is inspired by the structure and function of the human brain. A neuromorphic computer/chip is any device that uses physical artificial neurons to do computations. In recent times, the term neuromorphic has been used to describe analog, digital, mixed-mode analog/digital VLSI, and software systems that implement models of neural systems. Recent advances have even discovered ways to mimic the human nervous system through liquid solutions of chemical systems.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IBM Research</span> IBMs research and development division

IBM Research is the research and development division for IBM, an American multinational information technology company headquartered in Armonk, New York, with operations in over 170 countries. IBM Research is the largest industrial research organization in the world and has twelve labs on six continents.

An artificial brain is software and hardware with cognitive abilities similar to those of the animal or human brain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wetware computer</span> Computer composed of organic material

A wetware computer is an organic computer composed of organic material "wetware" such as "living" neurons. Wetware computers composed of neurons are different than conventional computers because they use biological materials, and offer the possibility of substantially more energy-efficient computing. While a wetware computer is still largely conceptual, there has been limited success with construction and prototyping, which has acted as a proof of the concept's realistic application to computing in the future. The most notable prototypes have stemmed from the research completed by biological engineer William Ditto during his time at the Georgia Institute of Technology. His work constructing a simple neurocomputer capable of basic addition from leech neurons in 1999 was a significant discovery for the concept. This research was a primary example driving interest in creating these artificially constructed, but still organic brains.

Neuroinformatics is the emergent field that combines informatics and neuroscience. Neuroinformatics is related with neuroscience data and information processing by artificial neural networks. There are three main directions where neuroinformatics has to be applied:

The Blue Brain Project is a Swiss brain research initiative that aims to create a digital reconstruction of the mouse brain. The project was founded in May 2005 by the Brain Mind Institute of École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Switzerland. Its mission is to use biologically-detailed digital reconstructions and simulations of the mammalian brain to identify the fundamental principles of brain structure and function.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ronald Fagin</span> American mathematician and computer scientist

Ronald Fagin is an American mathematician and computer scientist, and IBM Fellow at the IBM Almaden Research Center. He is known for his work in database theory, finite model theory, and reasoning about knowledge.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human Brain Project</span> Scientific research project

The Human Brain Project (HBP) was a €1-billion EU scientific research project that ran for ten years from 2013 to 2023. Using high-performance exascale supercomputers it built infrastructure that allowed researchers to advance knowledge in the fields of neuroscience, computing and brain-related medicine. Its successor was the EBRAINS project.

In the field of computational neuroscience, brain simulation is the concept of creating a functioning computer model of a brain or part of a brain. Brain simulation projects intend to contribute to a complete understanding of the brain, and eventually also assist the process of treating and diagnosing brain diseases. Simulations utilize mathematical models of biological neurons, such as the hodgkin-huxley model, to simulate the behavior of neurons, or other cells within the brain.

Informatics is the study of computational systems. According to the ACM Europe Council and Informatics Europe, informatics is synonymous with computer science and computing as a profession, in which the central notion is transformation of information. In some cases, the term "informatics" may also be used with different meanings, e.g. in the context of social computing, or in context of library science.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SyNAPSE</span> DARPA program

SyNAPSE is a DARPA program that aims to develop electronic neuromorphic machine technology, an attempt to build a new kind of cognitive computer with form, function, and architecture similar to the mammalian brain. Such artificial brains would be used in robots whose intelligence would scale with the size of the neural system in terms of the total number of neurons and synapses and their connectivity.

A cognitive computer is a computer that hardwires artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms into an integrated circuit that closely reproduces the behavior of the human brain. It generally adopts a neuromorphic engineering approach. Synonyms include neuromorphic chip and cognitive chip.

Cognitive computing refers to technology platforms that, broadly speaking, are based on the scientific disciplines of artificial intelligence and signal processing. These platforms encompass machine learning, reasoning, natural language processing, speech recognition and vision, human–computer interaction, dialog and narrative generation, among other technologies.

In computational neuroscience, SUPS or formerly CUPS is a measure of a neuronal network performance, useful in fields of neuroscience, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, and computer science.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lyle Norman Long</span> Academic and computational scientist

Lyle Norman Long is an academic, and computational scientist. He is a Professor Emeritus of Computational Science, Mathematics, and Engineering at The Pennsylvania State University, and is most known for developing algorithms and software for mathematical models, including neural networks, and robotics. His research has been focused in the fields of computational science, computational neuroscience, cognitive robotics, parallel computing, and software engineering.

References

  1. ↑ "IBM plans 'brain-like' computers". BBC News. 21 November 2008. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
  2. ↑ "Center for Consciousness Center, Tucson, Arizona" . Retrieved 11 May 2010.
  3. ↑ "Point of View with Dharmendra Modha". University of California, San Diego . Retrieved 11 May 2010.
  4. ↑ "When Will We Be Able to Build Brains Like Ours?". Scientific American. 27 April 2010. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
  5. ↑ "The ACM Gordon Bell Prize" . Retrieved 11 May 2010.
  6. ↑ "10 to the 14th power" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
  7. ↑ Service, Robert F. (2014). "The brain chip". Science. 345 (6197): 614–616. Bibcode:2014Sci...345..614S. doi:10.1126/science.345.6197.614. PMID   25104367 . Retrieved 21 November 2012.
  8. ↑ Merolla, Paul A.; Arthur, John V.; Alvarez-Icaza, Rodrigo; Cassidy, Andrew S.; Sawada, Jun; Akopyan, Filipp; Jackson, Bryan L.; Imam, Nabil; Guo, Chen; Nakamura, Yutaka; Brezzo, Bernard; Vo, Ivan; Esser, Steven K.; Appuswamy, Rathinakumar; Taba, Brian; Amir, Arnon; Flickner, Myron D.; Risk, William P.; Manohar, Rajit; Modha, Dharmendra S. (2014). "A million spiking-neuron integrated circuit with a scalable communication network and interface". Science. 345 (6197): 668–673. Bibcode:2014Sci...345..668M. doi:10.1126/science.1254642. PMID   25104385. S2CID   12706847 . Retrieved 21 November 2012.
  9. ↑ Debole, Michael V.; Taba, Brian; Amir, Arnon; Akopyan, Filipp; Andreopoulos, Alexander; Risk, William P.; Kusnitz, Jeff; Ortega Otero, Carlos; Nayak, Tapan K.; Appuswamy, Rathinakumar; Carlson, Peter J.; Cassidy, Andrew S.; Datta, Pallab; Esser, Steven K.; Garreau, Guillaume J.; Holland, Kevin L.; Lekuch, Scott; Mastro, Michael; McKinstry, Jeff; Di Nolfo, Carmelo; Paulovicks, Brent; Sawada, Jun; Schleupen, Kai; Shaw, Benjamin G.; Klamo, Jennifer L.; Flickner, Myron D.; Arthur, John V.; Modha, Dharmendra S. (2019). "TrueNorth Accelerating From Zero to 64 Million Neurons in 10 Years". Computer. 52 (5): 20–29. doi:10.1109/MC.2019.2903009. S2CID   155108891.
  10. ↑ "Distinguished Alumnus" . Retrieved 27 October 2016.
  11. ↑ Dharmendra S modha
  12. 1 2 3 "Center for Consciousness Center . Tucson . Arizona". www.consciousness.arizona.edu. Archived from the original on 17 February 2010.
  13. ↑ "Neurdon – All things Neural and Artificially Intelligent".
  14. ↑ "Another Perspective on Massive Brain Simulations". Scientific American .

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