Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

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Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory logo.svg
Motto "Science and technology on a mission"
EstablishedSeptember 2, 1952;71 years ago (1952-09-02)
Research typeNuclear and basic science
Budget $1.5 billion
Director Kimberly S. Budil
Staff 8,968
Location Livermore, California, U.S.
37°41′N121°43′W / 37.69°N 121.71°W / 37.69; -121.71
Campus 1 square mile (2.6 km2)
Operating agency
Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC
Website llnl.gov
Map
USA California location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Location in California

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is a federally funded research and development center in Livermore, California, United States. Originally established in 1952, the laboratory now is sponsored by the United States Department of Energy and administered privately by Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC. [1]

Contents

The lab was originally established as the University of California Radiation Laboratory, Livermore Branch in 1952 in response to the detonation of the Soviet Union's first atomic bomb during the Cold War. [2] It later became autonomous in 1971 and was designated a national laboratory in 1981. [3]

A federally funded research and development center, Lawrence Livermore Lab is primarily funded by the U.S. Department of Energy and it is managed privately and operated by Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC (a partnership of the University of California, Bechtel, BWX Technologies, AECOM, and Battelle Memorial Institute in affiliation with the Texas A&M University System). [4] In 2012, the synthetic chemical element livermorium (element 116) was named after the laboratory. [5]

The Livermore facility was co-founded by Edward Teller and Ernest Lawrence, then director of the Radiation Laboratory at Berkeley. [6]

Overview

Aerial view of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LLNL Aerial View.jpg
Aerial view of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

LLNL is a research and development institution for science and technology applied to national security. [7] Its principal responsibility is ensuring the safety, security and reliability of the nation's nuclear weapons through the application of advanced science, engineering, and technology. The laboratory also applies its special expertise and multidisciplinary capabilities towards preventing the proliferation and use of weapons of mass destruction, bolstering homeland security, and solving other nationally important problems, including energy and environmental needs, scientific research and outreach, and economic competitiveness.

The laboratory is located on a 1 sq. mi.(2.6 km2) site at the eastern edge of Livermore. It also operates a 7,000 acres (28 km2) remote experimental test site known as Site 300, situated about 15 miles (24 km) southeast of the main lab site. LLNL has an annual budget of about $2.7 billion and a staff of nearly 9,000 employees. [8]

History

Origins

LLNL was established in 1952, as the University of California Radiation Laboratory, Livermore Branch, [2] an offshoot of the existing University of California Radiation Laboratory at Berkeley. The lab at Livermore was intended to spur innovation and provide competition to the nuclear weapon design laboratory at Los Alamos in New Mexico, home of the Manhattan Project that developed the first atomic weapons. The Livermore facility was co-founded by Edward Teller and Ernest Lawrence, director of the Radiation Laboratory at Berkeley. [6]

The new laboratory was sited at a former naval air station from World War II. It was already home to several University of California Radiation Laboratory projects that were too large for its location in the Berkeley Hills above the UC campus, including one of the first experiments in the magnetic approach to confined thermonuclear reactions (i.e. fusion). About half an hour southeast of Berkeley, the Livermore site provided much greater security for classified projects than an urban university campus.

Lawrence tapped his former graduate student Herbert York, age 32, to run Livermore. Under York, the Lab had four main programs: Project Sherwood (the magnetic-fusion program), Project Whitney (the weapons-design program), diagnostic weapon experiments (both for the Los Alamos and Livermore laboratories), and a basic physics program. York and the new lab embraced the Lawrence "big science" approach, tackling challenging projects with physicists, chemists, engineers, and computational scientists working together in multidisciplinary teams. Lawrence died in August 1958 and shortly after, the university's board of regents named both laboratories for him, as the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory.

Historically, the Berkeley and Livermore laboratories have had very close relationships on research projects, business operations, and staff. The Livermore Lab was established initially as a branch of the Berkeley laboratory. The Livermore lab was not officially severed administratively from the Berkeley lab until 1971. To this day, in official planning documents and records, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is designated as Site 100, Lawrence Livermore National Lab as Site 200, and LLNL's remote test location as Site 300. [9]

Renaming

The laboratory was renamed Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (LLL) in 1971. On October 1, 2007 Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC (LLNS) assumed management of LLNL from the University of California, which had exclusively managed and operated the Laboratory since its inception 55 years before. The laboratory was honored in 2012 by having the synthetic chemical element livermorium named after it. [10]

The LLNS takeover of the laboratory has been controversial. In May 2013, an Alameda County jury awarded over $2.7 million to five former laboratory employees who were among 430 employees LLNS laid off during 2008. [11] The jury found that LLNS breached a contractual obligation to terminate the employees only for "reasonable cause." [12] The five plaintiffs also have pending age discrimination claims against LLNS, which will be heard by a different jury in a separate trial. [13] There are 125 co-plaintiffs awaiting trial on similar claims against LLNS. [14] The May 2008 layoff was the first layoff at the laboratory in nearly 40 years. [13]

On March 14, 2011, the City of Livermore officially expanded the city's boundaries to annex LLNL and move it within the city limits. The unanimous vote by the Livermore city council expanded Livermore's southeastern boundaries to cover 15 land parcels covering 1,057 acres (4.28 km2) that comprise the LLNL site. The site was formerly an unincorporated area of Alameda County. The LLNL campus continues to be owned by the federal government.

Major projects

Nuclear weapons

From its inception, Livermore focused on new weapon design concepts; as a result, its first three nuclear tests were unsuccessful. The lab persevered and its subsequent designs proved increasingly successful. In 1957, the Livermore Lab was selected to develop the warhead for the Navy's Polaris missile. This warhead required numerous innovations to fit a nuclear warhead into the relatively small confines of the missile nosecone.[ citation needed ]

During the Cold War, many Livermore-designed warheads entered service. These were used in missiles ranging in size from the Lance surface-to-surface tactical missile to the megaton-class Spartan antiballistic missile. Over the years, LLNL designed the following warheads: W27 (Regulus cruise missile; 1955; joint with Los Alamos), W38 (Atlas/Titan ICBM; 1959), B41 (B52 bomb; 1957), W45 (Little John/Terrier missiles; 1956), W47 (Polaris SLBM; 1957), W48 (155-mm howitzer; 1957), W55 (submarine rocket; 1959), W56 (Minuteman ICBM; 1960), W58 (Polaris SLBM; 1960), W62 (Minuteman ICBM; 1964), W68 (Poseidon SLBM; 1966), W70 (Lance missile; 1969), W71 (Spartan missile; 1968), W79 (8-in. artillery gun; 1975), W82 (155-mm howitzer; 1978), B83 (modern strategic bomb; 1979), and W87 (LGM-118 Peacekeeper/MX ICBM; 1982). The W87 and the B83 are the only LLNL designs still in the U.S. nuclear stockpile. [15] [16] [17]

With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the end of the Cold War, the United States began a moratorium on nuclear testing and development of new nuclear weapon designs. To sustain existing warheads for the indefinite future, a science-based Stockpile Stewardship Program (SSP) was defined that emphasized the development and application of greatly improved technical capabilities to assess the safety, security, and reliability of existing nuclear warheads without the use of nuclear testing. Confidence in the performance of weapons, without nuclear testing, is maintained through an ongoing process of stockpile surveillance, assessment and certification, and refurbishment or weapon replacement. [18] [19]

With no new designs of nuclear weapons, the warheads in the U.S. stockpile must continue to function far past their original expected lifetimes. As components and materials age, problems can arise. Stockpile Life Extension Programs can extend system lifetimes, but they also can introduce performance uncertainties and require maintenance of outdated technologies and materials. Because there is concern that it will become increasingly difficult to maintain high confidence in the current warheads for the long term, the Department of Energy/National Nuclear Security Administration initiated the Reliable Replacement Warhead (RRW) Program. RRW designs could reduce uncertainties, ease maintenance demands, and enhance safety and security. In March 2007, the LLNL design was chosen for the Reliable Replacement Warhead. [20] Since that time, Congress has not allocated funding for any further development of the RRW.

Plutonium research

LLNL conducts research into the properties and behavior of plutonium to learn how plutonium performs as it ages and how it behaves under high pressure (e.g., with the impact of high explosives). Plutonium has seven temperature-dependent solid allotropes. Each possesses a different density and crystal structure. Alloys of plutonium are even more complex; multiple phases can be present in a sample at any given time. Experiments are being conducted at LLNL and elsewhere to measure the structural, electrical and chemical properties of plutonium and its alloys and to determine how these materials change over time. Such measurements will enable scientists to better model and predict plutonium's long-term behavior in the aging stockpile. [21]

The Lab's plutonium research is conducted in a specially designed facility called the SuperBlock, with emphasis on safety and security. Work with highly enriched uranium is also conducted there. In March 2008, the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) presented its preferred alternative for the transformation of the nation's nuclear weapons complex. Under this plan, LLNL would be a center of excellence for nuclear design and engineering, a center of excellence for high explosive research and development, and a science magnet in high-energy-density (i.e., laser) physics. In addition, most of its special nuclear material would be removed and consolidated at a more central, yet-to-be-named site. [22]

On September 30, 2009, the NNSA announced that about two thirds of the special nuclear material (e.g., plutonium) at LLNL requiring the highest level of security protection had been removed from LLNL. The move was part of NNSA's efforts initiated in October 2006 to consolidate special nuclear material at five sites by 2012, with significantly reduced square footage at those sites by 2017. The federally mandated project intends to improve security and reduce security costs, and is part of NNSA's overall effort to transform the Cold War era "nuclear weapons" enterprise into a 21st-century "nuclear security" enterprise. The original date to remove all high-security nuclear material from LLNL, based on equipment capability and capacity, was 2014. NNSA and LLNL developed a timeline to remove this material as early as possible, accelerating the target completion date to 2012. [23]

Global security program

The Lab's work in global security aims to reduce and mitigate the dangers posed by the spread or use of weapons of mass destruction and by threats to energy and environmental security. Livermore has been working on global security and homeland security for decades, predating both the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. LLNL staff have been heavily involved in the cooperative nonproliferation programs with Russia to secure at-risk weapons materials and assist former weapons workers in developing peaceful applications and self-sustaining job opportunities for their expertise and technologies. [24] In the mid-1990s, Lab scientists began efforts to devise improved biodetection capabilities, leading to miniaturized and autonomous instruments that can detect biothreat agents in a few minutes instead of the days to weeks previously required for DNA analysis. [25] [26]

Today, Livermore researchers address a spectrum of threats – radiological/nuclear, chemical, biological, explosives, and cyber. They combine physical and life sciences, engineering, computations, and analysis to develop technologies that solve real-world problems. Activities are grouped into five programs:

Other programs

LLNL supports capabilities in a broad range of scientific and technical disciplines, applying current capabilities to existing programs and developing new science and technologies to meet future national needs.

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has worked out several energy technologies in the field of coal gasification, shale oil extraction, geothermal energy, advanced battery research, solar energy, and fusion energy. Main oil shale processing technologies worked out by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory are LLNL HRS (hot-recycled-solid), LLNL RISE ( in situ extraction technology) and LLNL radiofrequency technologies. [37]

Key accomplishments

Over its 60-year history, Lawrence Livermore has made many scientific and technological achievements, including:

On July 17, 2009 LLNL announced that the Laboratory had received eight R&D 100 Awards – more than it had ever received in the annual competition. The previous LLNL record of seven awards was reached five times – in 1987, 1988, 1997, 1998 and 2006.

Also known as the "Oscars of invention", the awards are given each year for the development of cutting-edge scientific and engineering technologies with commercial potential. The awards raise LLNL's total number of awards since 1978 to 129.

On October 12, 2016, LLNL released the results of computerized modeling of Mars's moon Phobos, finding that it has a connection with keeping the Earth safe from asteroids. [38]

In December, 2022 scientists at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory announced, in a breakthrough for fusion power technology, that they have used the technique of inertial confinement fusion to achieve a net gain of energy. [39] The National Ignition Facility (NIF) became the first fusion reactor to achieve breakeven on December 5, 2022, with an experiment producing 3.15 megajoules of energy from a 2.05 megajoule input of laser light for an energy gain of about 1.5. [40] [41] [42] [43]

Key facilities

National Ignition Facility Exterior patio of the National Ignition Facility.jpg
National Ignition Facility

Largest computers

Throughout its history, LLNL has been a leader in computers and scientific computing. Even before the Livermore Lab opened its doors, E.O. Lawrence and Edward Teller recognized the importance of computing and the potential of computational simulation. Their purchase of one of the first UNIVAC computers set the precedent for LLNL's history of acquiring and exploiting the fastest and most capable supercomputers in the world. A succession of increasingly powerful and fast computers have been used at the Lab over the years. LLNL researchers use supercomputers to answer questions about subjects such as materials science simulations, global warming, and reactions to natural disasters.

LLNL has a long history of developing computing software and systems. Initially, there was no commercially available software, and computer manufacturers considered it the customer's responsibility to develop their own. Users of the early computers had to write not only the codes to solve their technical problems, but also the routines to run the machines themselves. Today, LLNL computer scientists focus on creating the highly complex physics models, visualization codes, and other unique applications tailored to specific research requirements. A great deal of software also has been written by LLNL personnel to optimize the operation and management of the computer systems, including operating systems such as TOSS, operating system extensions such as CHAOS (Linux Clustering), and resource management packages such as SLURM. [45] LLNL also initiated and continues leading the development of ZFS on Linux, the official port of ZFS to the Linux operating system. [46] [47]

Livermore Valley Open Campus (LVOC)

In August 2009, a joint venture was announced between Sandia National Laboratories/California campus and LLNL to create an open, unclassified research and development space called the Livermore Valley Open Campus (LVOC). The motivation for the LVOC stems from current and future national security challenges that require increased coupling to the private sector to understand threats and deploy solutions in areas such as high performance computing, energy and environmental security, cyber security, economic security, and non-proliferation.

The LVOC is modeled after research and development campuses found at major industrial research parks and other U.S. Department of Energy laboratories with campus-like security, a set of business and operating rules devised to enhance and accelerate international scientific collaboration and partnerships with U.S. government agencies, industry and academia. Ultimately, the LVOC will consist of an approximately 110-acre parcel along the eastern edge of the Livermore Laboratory and Sandia sites, and will house additional conference space, collaboration facilities and a visitor's center to support educational and research activities.

Objectives of LVOC

Sponsors

LLNL's principal sponsor is the Department of Energy/National Nuclear Security Administration (DOE/NNSA) Office of Defense Programs, which supports its stockpile stewardship and advanced scientific computing programs. Funding to support LLNL's global security and homeland security work comes from the DOE/NNSA Office of Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation, as well as the Department of Homeland Security. LLNL also receives funding from DOE's Office of Science, Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management, and Office of Nuclear Energy. In addition, LLNL conducts work-for-others research and development for various Defense Department sponsors, other federal agencies, including NASA, Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), National Institutes of Health, and Environmental Protection Agency, a number of California State agencies, and private industry.[ citation needed ]

Budget

For Fiscal Year 2009 LLNL spent $1.497 billion [48] on research and laboratory operations activities:

Research/Science Budget:

Site Management/Operations Budget:

Directors

The LLNL director is appointed by the board of governors of Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC (LLNS) and reports to the board. The laboratory director also serves as the president of LLNS. Over the course of its history, the following scientists have served as LLNL director:

Organization

The LLNL director is supported by a senior executive team consisting of the deputy director, the deputy director for science and technology, principal associate directors, and other senior executives who manage areas/functions directly reporting to the laboratory director.

The director's office is organized into these functional areas/offices:

The laboratory is organized into four principal directorates, each headed by a principal associate director:

Three other directorates are each headed by an associate director who reports to the LLNL director:

Corporate management

The LLNL director reports to the Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC (LLNS) board of governors, a group of key scientific, academic, national security and business leaders from the LLNS partner companies that jointly own and control LLNS. The LLNS board of governors has a total of 16 positions, with six of these governors constituting an executive committee. All decisions of the board are made by the governors on the executive committee. The other governors are advisory to the executive committee and do not have voting rights.

The University of California is entitled to appoint three governors to the executive committee, including the chair. Bechtel is also entitled to appoint three governors to the executive committee, including the vice chair. One of the Bechtel governors must be a representative of Babcock & Wilcox (B&W) or the Washington Division of URS Corporation (URS), who is nominated jointly by B&W and URS each year, and who must be approved and appointed by Bechtel. The executive committee has a seventh governor who is appointed by Battelle; they are non-voting and advisory to the executive committee. The remaining board positions are known as independent governors (also referred to as outside governors), and are selected from among individuals, preferably of national stature, and can not be employees or officers of the partner companies.

The University of California-appointed chair has tie-breaking authority over most decisions of the executive committee. The board of governors is the ultimate governing body of LLNS and is charged with overseeing the affairs of LLNS in its operations and management of LLNL.

LLNS managers and employees who work at LLNL, up to and including the president and laboratory director, are generally referred to as laboratory employees. All laboratory employees report directly or indirectly to the LLNS president. While most of the work performed by LLNL is funded by the federal government, laboratory employees are paid by LLNS, which is responsible for all aspects of their employment, including providing health care benefits and retirement programs.

Within the board of governors, authority resides in the executive committee to exercise all rights, powers, and authorities of LLNS, excepting only certain decisions that are reserved to the parent companies. The LLNS executive committee is free to appoint officers or other managers of LLNS and LLNL, and may delegate its authorities as it deems appropriate to such officers, employees, or other representatives of LLNS/LLNL. The executive committee may also retain auditors, attorneys, or other professionals as necessary. For the most part the executive committee has appointed senior managers at LLNL as the primary officers of LLNS. As a practical matter most operational decisions are delegated to the president of LLNS, who is also the laboratory director. The positions of president laboratory director and deputy laboratory director are filled by joint action of the chair and vice chair of the executive committee, with the University of California nominating the president and laboratory director and Bechtel nominating the deputy laboratory director. [53]

The current LLNS chairman is Norman J. Pattiz, founder and chairman of Westwood One, America's largest radio network, who also currently serves on the board of regents of the University of California. The vice chairman is J. Scott Ogilvie, president of Bechtel Systems & Infrastructure, Inc., who also serves on the board of directors of Bechtel Group, Inc. (BGI) and on the BGI Audit Committee. [54]

Public protests

The Livermore Action Group organized many mass protests, from 1981 to 1984, against nuclear weapons which were being produced by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Peace activists Ken Nightingale and Eldred Schneider were involved. [55] On June 22, 1982, more than 1,300 anti-nuclear protesters were arrested in a nonviolent demonstration. [56] More recently, there has been an annual protest against nuclear weapons research at Lawrence Livermore. In August 2003, 1,000 people protested at Livermore Labs against "new-generation nuclear warheads". [57] In the 2007 protest, 64 people were arrested. [58] More than 80 people were arrested in March 2008 while protesting at the gates. [59]

On July 27, 2021, the Society of Professionals, Scientists, and Engineers – University of Professional & Technical Employees Local 11, CWA Local 9119, went on a three-day strike over unfair labor practices.

See also

Footnotes

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  4. "LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL SECURITY, LLC". www.llnsllc.com.
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  7. "Missions". American Physical Society. June 2010. Retrieved April 14, 2023.
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  22. "Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Fact Sheet for NNSA Complex Transformation – Preferred Alternative" (PDF). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 20, 2008. Retrieved May 20, 2008.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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  27. Meissner, Caryn (July–August 2008). "Antineutrino Detectors Improve Reactor Safeguards" (PDF). Science and Technology Review. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. pp. 23–25. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
  28. Heller, Arnie (January–February 2007). "Identifying the Source of Stolen Nuclear Materials" (PDF). Science and Technology Review. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. pp. 12–18. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
  29. Hansen, Rose (October 2007). "Mobile Mapping for Radioactive Materials" (PDF). Science and Technology Review. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. pp. 8–9. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
  30. Walter, Katie (March 2007). "On the Leading Edge of Atmospheric Predictions" (PDF). Science and Technology Review. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. pp. 12–19.
  31. Heller, Arnie (May 2006). "Protecting the Nation's Livestock" (PDF). Science and Technology Review. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. pp. 11–17. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
  32. Heller, Arnie (January–February 2000). "Simulating Warfare Is No Video Game" (PDF). Science and Technology Review. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. pp. 4–11. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 17, 2020.
  33. Wilt, Gloria (May 1999). "Leveraging Science and Technology in the National Interest" (PDF). Science and Technology Review. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. pp. 4–11. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
  34. Parker, Ann (July–August 2002). "Knowing the Enemy, Anticipating the Threat" (PDF). Science and Technology Review. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. pp. 24–30. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
  35. Heller, Arnie (June 2007). "Setting a World Driving Record with Hydrogen" (PDF). Science and Technology Review. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. pp. 11–16. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
  36. Parker, Ann (March 2007). "Climate and Agriculture: Change Begets Change" (PDF). Science and Technology Review. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. pp. 20–22.
  37. Burnham, Alan K.; McConaghy, James R. (October 16, 2006). Comparison of the acceptability of various oil shale processes (PDF). 26th Oil shale symposium. Golden, Colorado: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. pp. 2, 17. UCRL-CONF-226717. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 13, 2016. Retrieved May 27, 2007.
  38. Verger, Rob (October 12, 2016). "Scientists study 'Death Star' to save Earth". Fox News. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
  39. "Scientists set to make a bang in nuclear fusion 'breakthrough'date=October 12, 2016". The Times. Retrieved December 12, 2022.
  40. "DOE National Laboratory Makes History by Achieving Fusion Ignition". Energy.gov. Retrieved December 13, 2022.
  41. "National Ignition Facility achieves fusion ignition". www.llnl.gov. Retrieved December 13, 2022.
  42. Kenneth Chang (December 13, 2022). "Scientists Achieve Nuclear Fusion Breakthrough With Blast of 192 Lasers". The New York Times.
  43. Bush, Evan; Lederman, Josh (December 13, 2022). "We have 'ignition': Fusion breakthrough draws energy gain". NBC News . Retrieved December 13, 2022.
  44. "June 2018". Top 500. June 2018.
  45. "SLURM: A Highly Scalable Resource Manager". Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved February 28, 2007.
  46. Toponce, Aaron. "Install ZFS on Debian GNU/Linux". pthree.org. Archived from the original on December 20, 2018. Retrieved December 20, 2018.
  47. "ZFS on Linux". ZFS on Linux. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Retrieved December 20, 2018.
  48. "2009 Annual Report" (PDF). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 23, 2016. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
  49. "George Miller to retire as Laboratory director" (Press release). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. April 12, 2011. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
  50. Seaver, Lynda. "Livermore Lab director named" (Press release). University of California. Archived from the original on November 5, 2011.
  51. "LANL's Knapp to take over as Livermore acting director". Los Alamos Monitor. October 24, 2013. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
  52. "William H. Goldstein named director of LLNL" (Press release). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. March 27, 2014. Archived from the original on April 5, 2014. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
  53. Eklund, Bill; Oakley, John (August 31, 2007). An Introductory Guide to UC's Ties to LANS LLC and LLNS LLC and their Management of the Weapons Labs at Los Alamos and Livermore (PDF) (Report). University of California. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 28, 2010.
  54. "LLNS Board of Governors". Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC. Archived from the original on October 25, 2016. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
  55. Epstein, Barbara (1993). Political protest and cultural revolution: Nonviolent direct action in the 1970s and 1980s. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 125–133. ISBN   0520070100.
  56. "1,300 arrested in a California antinuclear protest". The New York Times. June 22, 1982. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
  57. Walsh, Diana (August 11, 2003). "Nuclear Protest Blooms Again at Lab: 1,000 in Livermore Demonstrate Against New Buster Bomb". San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved June 23, 2015.
  58. Police arrest 64 at California anti-nuclear protest Reuters, April 6, 2007.
  59. "Scores arrested during protest at Livermore Lab". Oakland Tribune. March 22, 2008.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Ignition Facility</span> American nuclear fusion facility

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) is a laser-based inertial confinement fusion (ICF) research device, located at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California, United States. NIF's mission is to achieve fusion ignition with high energy gain. It achieved the first instance of scientific breakeven controlled fusion in an experiment on December 5, 2022, with an energy gain factor of 1.5. It supports nuclear weapon maintenance and design by studying the behavior of matter under the conditions found within nuclear explosions.

The Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE) is a scientific research facility which is part of the University of Rochester's south campus, located in Brighton, New York. The lab was established in 1970 with operations jointly funded by the United States Department of Energy, the University of Rochester and the New York State government. The Laser Lab was commissioned to investigate high-energy physics involving the interaction of extremely intense laser radiation with matter. Scientific experiments at the facility emphasize inertial confinement, direct drive, laser-induced fusion, fundamental plasma physics and astrophysics using the Omega Laser Facility. In June 1995, OMEGA became the world's highest-energy ultraviolet laser. The lab shares its building with the Center for Optoelectronics and Imaging and the Center for Optics Manufacturing. The Robert L. Sproull Center for Ultra High Intensity Laser Research was opened in 2005 and houses the OMEGA EP laser, which was completed in May 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stockpile stewardship</span>

Stockpile stewardship refers to the United States program of reliability testing and maintenance of its nuclear weapons without the use of nuclear testing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Advanced Simulation and Computing Program</span>

The Advanced Simulation and Computing Program (ASC) is a super-computing program run by the National Nuclear Security Administration, in order to simulate, test, and maintain the United States nuclear stockpile. The program was created in 1995 in order to support the Stockpile Stewardship Program. The goal of the initiative is to extend the lifetime of the current aging stockpile.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">W80 (nuclear warhead)</span> Nuclear weapon

The W80 is a low to intermediate yield two-stage thermonuclear warhead deployed by the U.S. enduring stockpile with a variable yield ("dial-a-yield") of 5 or 150 kilotonnes of TNT.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Michael R. Anastasio</span>

Michael Anastasio led two national science laboratories during a time of transition. He was the director of the Los Alamos National Laboratory and president of the Los Alamos National Security LLC, the company that operates the laboratory. He is the former director of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). The University of California Board of Regents appointed Michael R. Anastasio the director of LLNL on June 4, 2002. He started on July 1, 2002. In 2005 he became the president of the Los Alamos National Security LLC, and became the director of the Los Alamos National Laboratory on June 1, 2006. During his directorship at Lawrence Livermore, the laboratory won 25 R&D 100 Awards and maintained its world-class leadership position in high-performance computing and its application to global climate modeling.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">C. Bruce Tarter</span> American theoretical physicist

Curtis Bruce Tarter is an American theoretical physicist. He was the director of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory from 1994-2002. As director emeritus he recently published the first comprehensive history of the laboratory.

Ray E. Kidder was an American physicist and nuclear weapons designer. He is best known for his outspoken views on nuclear weapons policy issues, including nuclear testing, stockpile management, and arms control.

The Reliable Replacement Warhead (RRW) was a proposed new American nuclear warhead design and bomb family that was intended to be simple, reliable and to provide a long-lasting, low-maintenance future nuclear force for the United States. Initiated by the United States Congress in 2004, it became a centerpiece of the plans of the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) to remake the nuclear weapons complex.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">W89</span>

The W89 was an American thermonuclear warhead design intended for use on the AGM-131 SRAM II air to ground nuclear missile and the UUM-125 Sea Lance anti-submarine missile.

The National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) is a United States federal agency responsible for safeguarding national security through the military application of nuclear science. NNSA maintains and enhances the safety, security, and effectiveness of the U.S. nuclear weapons stockpile; works to reduce the global danger from weapons of mass destruction; provides the United States Navy with safe and effective nuclear propulsion; and responds to nuclear and radiological emergencies in the United States and abroad.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ed Moses (physicist)</span> American physicist

Edward Moses is an American physicist and is the former president of the Giant Magellan Telescope Organization. He is a past principal associate director for the National Ignition Facility & Photon Science Directorate, where he led the California-based NIF, the largest experimental science facility in the US and the world's most energetic laser, that hopes to demonstrate the first feasible example of usable nuclear fusion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles F. McMillan</span> American physicist

Charles F. McMillan is an American nuclear physicist and served as the 10th director of the Los Alamos National Laboratory. His appointment was effective June 1, 2011. He succeeded Michael R. Anastasio. On September 5, 2017, McMillan announced he would be leaving the director position at the end of the year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Area 27 (Nevada National Security Site)</span>

Area 27 is a division of the Nevada National Security Site. It occupies approximately 49 square miles (130 km2) in the south-central portion of the NNSS. A portion of Area 27 was originally known as Area 410.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parney Albright</span> American physicist

Penrose "Parney" C. Albright is an American physicist known for his work with the U.S. Government, think tanks and National Laboratories, and government contractors. Since November 1, 2014, he has been the president and CEO of HRL Laboratories, a research firm jointly owned by Boeing and General Motors. Until December 2013 he served as the director of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and, in 2014, he served as a senior advisor in the Office of the Director of National Intelligence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kimberly S. Budil</span> American physicist

Kimberly Susan Budil is an American physicist who is the 13th and current director of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, making her the first woman to hold this position. She completed her bachelor's degree in physics from the University of Illinois Chicago, and her master's and doctorate in applied science from the University of California, Davis. She collaborated with Nobel laureate Donna Strickland, and made significant contributions to the field of high-power, ultra-fast lasers. Starting her career at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in 1987, she held various roles across government departments, including the Department of Energy and the Department of Defense. In 2014, she managed relations between the University of California's campuses and the three Department of Energy labs it manages. Budil, who was made a fellow of the American Physical Society in 2019, has also been a prominent advocate for women in science.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marvin Adams</span> American nuclear engineer and computational physicist

Marvin L. Adams is a nuclear engineer and computational physicist. Since April 2022, he has served as Deputy Administrator for Defense Programs at the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) in the Biden administration.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Andrea Kritcher</span> American nuclear engineer and physicist

Andrea Lynn "Annie" Kritcher is an American nuclear engineer and physicist who works at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. She was responsible for the development of Hybrid-E, a capsule that enables inertial confinement fusion. She was elected Fellow of the American Physical Society in 2022.

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