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Phonology is the branch of linguistics that studies how languages or dialects systematically organize their sounds or,for sign languages,their constituent parts of signs. The term can also refer specifically to the sound or sign system of a particular language variety. At one time,the study of phonology related only to the study of the systems of phonemes in spoken languages,but may now relate to any linguistic analysis either:
John Anton Goldsmith is the Edward Carson Waller Distinguished Service Professor at the University of Chicago,with appointments in linguistics and computer science.
John Joseph McCarthy is an American linguist and the Provost and Senior Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs at the University of Massachusetts Amherst since July 2017. In July 2018,he assumed office as the Provost.
In theoretical linguistics,underspecification is a phenomenon in which certain features are omitted in underlying representations. Restricted underspecification theory holds that features should only be underspecified if their values are predictable. For example,in most dialects of English,all front vowels are unrounded. It is not necessary for these phonemes to include the distinctive feature [−round],because all [−back] vowels are [−round] vowels,so the roundness feature is not distinctive for front vowels. Radical underspecification theory,on the other hand,also allows for traditionally binary features to be specified for only one value,where it is assumed that every segment not specified for that value has the other value. For example,instead of the features [+voice] and [−voice],only [+voice] is specified and voicelessness is taken as the default.
Valley Yokuts is a dialect cluster of the Yokutsan language family of California.
In linguistics and social sciences,markedness is the state of standing out as nontypical or divergent as opposed to regular or common. In a marked–unmarked relation,one term of an opposition is the broader,dominant one. The dominant default or minimum-effort form is known as unmarked;the other,secondary one is marked. In other words,markedness involves the characterization of a "normal" linguistic unit against one or more of its possible "irregular" forms.
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Michael Hammond is an American linguist and professor at the University of Arizona. He was head of the Department of Linguistics from 2001 to 2011. He is the author or editor of six books on a variety of topics from Syntactic Typology,The Phonology of English,to Computational linguistics. He is known for his research on meter and poetics. He has also published more than 40 articles and presented at over 60 conferences on these topics. He serves on the editorial board of several major journals.
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In linguistics,Optimality Theory is a linguistic model proposing that the observed forms of language arise from the optimal satisfaction of conflicting constraints. OT differs from other approaches to phonological analysis,such as autosegmental phonology and linear phonology (SPE),which typically use rules rather than constraints. OT models grammars as systems that provide mappings from inputs to outputs;typically,the inputs are conceived of as underlying representations,and the outputs as their surface realizations. It is an approach within the larger framework of generative grammar.
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A Thematic Guide to Optimality Theory is a 2001 book by John McCarthy in which the author provides a theoretical introduction to optimality theory.
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Laura J. Downing is an American linguist,specializing in the phonology of African languages.
References
- ↑ "Alumni and their Dissertations – MIT Linguistics". linguistics.mit.edu. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
- ↑ Encyclopedia of language & linguistics. E. K. Brown, Anne Anderson (1st ed.). Boston: Elsevier. 2005. ISBN 0-08-044299-4. OCLC 61441874.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ↑ "Diana B Archangeli | UA Profiles". profiles.arizona.edu. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
- ↑ "Google Scholar - Diana Archangeli citations". scholar.google.com. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
- ↑ "Archangeli, Diana B." Scopus.
- ↑ "Diana Archangeli". University of Arizona.
- ↑ Idsardi, William (September 1998). "Diana Archangeli & Douglas Pulleyblank,Grounded Phonology (Current Studies in Linguistics 25). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994. Pp. xiii+502". Journal of Linguistics. 34 (2): 489–549. doi:10.1017/S0022226798217117. ISSN 1469-7742. S2CID 143008685.
- ↑ "Diana Archangeli". Researchgate.
- ↑ Ota, Mitsuhiko (2000). "A review of two books introducing Optimality Theory". Second Language Research. 16 (3): 281–292. doi:10.1191/026765800667661194. JSTOR 43103580. S2CID 220747830.
- ↑ Mohanan, K. P. (1 May 1991). "On the bases of radical underspecification". Natural Language & Linguistic Theory. 9 (2): 285–325. doi:10.1007/BF00134678. ISSN 1573-0859. S2CID 170249977.
