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Pedro Menéndez de Avilés was a Spanish admiral, explorer and conquistador from Avilés, in Asturias, Spain. He is notable for planning the first regular trans-oceanic convoys, which became known as the Spanish treasure fleet, and for founding St. Augustine, Florida, in 1565. This was the first successful European settlement in La Florida and the most significant city in the region for nearly three centuries.
Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda was a Spanish shipwreck survivor who lived among the Native Americans of Florida for 17 years. His c. 1575 memoir, Memoria de las cosas y costa y indios de la Florida, is one of the most valuable contemporary accounts of American Indian life from that period. The manuscript can be found in the General Archive of the Indies. In all, he produced five documents describing the peoples of native Florida.
Spanish Florida was the first major European land claim and attempted settlement in North America during the European Age of Discovery. La Florida formed part of the Captaincy General of Cuba, the Viceroyalty of New Spain, and the Spanish Empire during Spanish colonization of the Americas. While its boundaries were never clearly or formally defined, the territory was initially much larger than the present-day state of Florida, extending over much of what is now the southeastern United States, including all of present-day Florida plus portions of Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, and the Florida Parishes of Louisiana. Spain's claim to this vast area was based on several wide-ranging expeditions mounted during the 16th century. A number of missions, settlements, and small forts existed in the 16th and to a lesser extent in the 17th century; they were eventually abandoned due to pressure from the expanding English and French colonial settlements, the collapse of the native populations, and the general difficulty in becoming agriculturally or economically self-sufficient. By the 18th century, Spain's control over La Florida did not extend much beyond a handful of forts near St. Augustine, St. Marks, and Pensacola, all within the boundaries of present-day Florida.
The Ajacán Mission was a Spanish attempt in 1570 to establish a Jesuit mission in the vicinity of the Virginia Peninsula to bring Christianity to the Virginia Native Americans. The effort to found St. Mary's Mission predated the founding of the English settlement at Jamestown, Virginia, by about 36 years. In February 1571, the entire party was massacred by Indians, except for Alonso de Olmos. The following year, a Spanish party from Florida went to the area, rescued Alonso, and killed several Indians.
Don Luís de Velasco, also known as Paquiquino, was a Native American, possibly of the Kiskiack or Paspahegh tribe, from the area of what is now Tidewater, Virginia. In 1561 he was taken by a Spanish expedition. He traveled with them ultimately to Spain, Cuba and Mexico, where he was baptized as Don Luís de Velasco and educated. Don Luís returned to Virginia in 1571 as guide and interpreter for a party of Jesuit missionaries. He is believed to have taken part in a later massacre of the Jesuits at this site, when the region was struggling with famine.
The Spanish missions in Georgia comprised a series of religious outposts established by Spanish Catholics in order to spread the Christian doctrine among the Guale and various Timucua peoples in southeastern Georgia.
Santa Elena, a Spanish settlement on what is now Parris Island, South Carolina, was the capital of Spanish Florida from 1566 to 1587. It was established under Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, the first governor of Spanish Florida. There had been a number of earlier attempts to establish colonies in the area by both the Spanish and the French, who had been inspired by the earlier accounts by Chicora and Hernando de Soto of rich territories in the interior. Menéndez's Santa Elena settlement was intended as the new capital of the Spanish colony of La Florida, shifting the focus of Spanish colonial efforts north from St. Augustine, which had been established in 1565 to oust the French from their colony of Fort Caroline. Santa Elena was ultimately built at the site of the abandoned French outpost of Charlesfort, founded in 1562 by Jean Ribault.
Ajacán – variants include Xacan, Jacan, Iacan, Axaca and Axacam – was a short-lived Spanish settlement, between 1570 and 1571, near Chesapeake Bay, in what would later become Virginia.
Gonzalo Méndez de Canço y Donlebún was a Spanish admiral who served as the seventh governor of the Spanish province of La Florida (1596–1603). He fought in the Battle of San Juan (1595) against the English admiral Francis Drake. During his tenure as governor of Florida, he dealt severely with a rebellion known as Juanillo's revolt among the Native Americans in Guale, forcing them, as well as other tribes in Florida, to submit to Spanish domination. De Canço was best known, however, for promoting the cultivation of maize in the province, and for introducing its cultivation to Asturias, Spain, where it eventually became an important crop.
Gutierre de Miranda was interim governor of Spanish Florida in the late 16th century. He was a brother of the previous governor of Spanish Florida, Hernando de Miranda, and brother-in-law of the next governor, Pedro Menéndez Márquez.
Pedro Menéndez Márquez was a Spanish military officer, conquistador, and governor of Spanish Florida. He was a nephew of Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, who had been appointed adelantado of La Florida by King Philip II. Márquez was also related to Diego de Velasco, Hernando de Miranda, Gutierre de Miranda, Juan Menéndez Márquez, and Francisco Menéndez Márquez, all of whom served as governors of La Florida.
Hernando de Miranda (1550–1593) was a Spanish conquistador and explorer who was governor of Spanish Florida from 1575 to 1577. He took office after the death of the first governor of the province, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés. He was the brother-in-law of the subsequent governor, Pedro Menéndez de Márquez, and the brother of Gutierre de Miranda, who would also become governor.
Francisco Menéndez Márquez y Posada was a royal treasurer and interim co-governor of Spanish Florida, and the founder of a cattle ranching enterprise that became the largest in Florida.
Juan Menéndez Márquez y Valdés (1531–1627) was royal treasurer and interim governor of Spanish Florida, and governor of Popayán Province. He was the father of Francisco Menéndez Márquez, who succeeded him as governor of Florida (1646–1648).
Luis de Rojas y Borja was the governor of Spanish Florida from October 28, 1624, to June 23, 1630.
Bartolomé de Argüelles was the lieutenant treasurer, royal accountant and co-interim governor of La Florida (1595–1597) with Alonso de las Alas and Juan Menéndez Márquez. He served as lieutenant treasurer during the administration of governor Pedro Menéndez de Márquez (1577-1594).
Vicente González was governor of Florida between November 22, 1577, and 1578. He was also governor of Santa Elena, la Florida, from, at least, 1577 to 1580.
Alonso de Solís was a soldier and explorer who served as governor of Florida between April and July 4, 1576, when he was killed. He also participated in the Narváez expedition as royal inspector of mines.
Tomás Bernaldo de Quirós, also known as Thomas Bernaldo de Quiros, was a sailor who served as governor of Florida between 1578 and 1579. He was also acting governor of Santa Elena from 1577 to November 1580, at least.
Esteban de las Alas was a Spanish naval officer who served as interim governor of La Florida from October 1567 to August 1570, in the absence of official governor Pedro Menéndez de Avilés. He was also governor of the Spanish settlement of Santa Elena in what is now South Carolina, in 1566 and 1567.
References
- 1 2 Reid Badger, John; Scudder, Jr., Lawrence Clayton (1985). Alabama and the Borderlands: From Prehistory To Statehood. The University of Alabama Press. Page 159.
- 1 2 3 Charlesfort-Santa Elena. Port Royal, South Carolina. "Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary: American Latino Heritage". National Park Service. U.S. Department of Interior.
- 1 2 Worth, John. - Spanish Florida - Governors Archived September 13, 2015, at the Wayback Machine . University of West Florida.
- 1 2 Lewis, J. D. Carolina Explorers : Pedro Menéndez de Avilés. 2007.
- ↑ Amy Turner Bushnell (1987). The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 68. University of Georgia Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-8203-1712-0.
- 1 2 Cecelia Borgen, Linda Suzanne (2007). PRELUDE TO REBELLION: DIEGO DE REBOLLEDO VS. LÚCAS MENÉNDEZ IN MID-17TH. CENTURY SPANISH FLORIDA [ permanent dead link ]. The University of West Florida. Consulted in 2011. Page 39.
- 1 2 3 Rowland, Lawrence Sanders; Moore, Alexander; and Rogers, Jr.,George C. (1996). The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina: 1514-1861. University of South Carolina Press. Page 36.
- ↑ John E. Worth (4 February 2007). The Struggle for the Georgia Coast. University of Alabama Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-8173-5411-4.