Dinocampus coccinellae paralysis virus

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Dinocampus coccinellae paralysis virus
Virus classification Red Pencil Icon.png
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Pisoniviricetes
Order: Picornavirales
Family: Iflaviridae
Genus: Iflavirus
Species:
Dinocampus coccinellae paralysis virus

Dinocampus coccinellae paralysis virus (DcPV) is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus of insects, in the picorna-like virus family Iflaviridae , which was first characterised in 2015. It asymptomatically infects the parasitic braconid wasp, Dinocampus coccinellae , and has been proposed to be associated with the paralytic effect the wasp has on its host, the spotted lady beetle, Coleomegilla maculata , which it turns into a so-called "zombie bodyguard" for its pupa.

Contents

Taxonomy

Within the family Iflaviridae, the DcPV genome is most closely related to Venturia canescens picorna-like virus and Nasonia vitripennis virus-1. [1]

Distribution

DcPV has been found in D. coccinellae from Canada, Japan, Poland and the Netherlands. [1]

Structure

DcPV's 10,138 nucleotide linear RNA has a single large open reading frame, predicted to encode a 3007 residue polyprotein with non-structural helicase, protease and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase functions in the C-terminal portion and four structural proteins (VP1–4) in the N-terminal portion. The 5′ non-translated region contains cloverleaf and hairpin structures similar to those present in picornaviruses and other picorna-like viruses. The virus particle is around 27 nm in diameter. [1]

Viral life cycle in D. coccinellae

DcPV has not been detected in D. coccinellae eggs. After hatching, the level of the virus genome increases throughout the larval stages, where active viral replication is thought to occur. Higher levels are found in adult wasps, considered to represent inactive stocks of virus. The virus particles are located within large vesicles in cells lining the female wasp's oviduct, where they are sometimes observed to form crystalline arrays. The virus has not yet been shown to cause any disease in the wasp, and the two might have a symbiotic relationship. [1]

Putative effect of DcPV on C. maculata

D. coccinellae pupa adjacent to a C. maculata lady beetle C. maculata+D. coccinellae larva (crop).jpg
D. coccinellae pupa adjacent to a C. maculata lady beetle

The Dinocampus coccinellae wasp parasitises the lady beetle species Coleomegilla maculata . The wasp lays a single egg in the beetle's haemocoel where the larva develops, to emerge approximately 20 days later. The wasp larva then pupates with its cocoon underneath the living body of the beetle host. At this point the lady beetle host, which has previously behaved normally, stops moving, is afflicted with twitches or tremors, and becomes a semi-paralysed guardian of the wasp cocoon [1] [2] – often referred to as a "zombie bodyguard" [3] [4] [5] – until the adult wasp emerges a week later. Around a quarter to a third of lady beetles subsequently recover. [2] [4]

The exact cause of this dramatic alteration in the beetle's behaviour is unknown, however there is an observation of neuropathy in the ladybug owing to the neurotropic nature of the virus. There is also observation of the downplaying of genes such as Dicer , Ago2, Tlr7 and PI3K.(Both Dicer and Ago2 are involved in gene expression in the organism). [6]


At the time it occurs the parasite and host are no longer in direct contact, as the wasp pupates externally to the lady beetle. Nolwenn Dheilly and co-workers have suggested that the mechanism involves DcPV; [1] some other experts consider that the evidence for this is incomplete. [3] [4] DcPV appears to be transmitted to the lady beetle during wasp larval development, with viral RNA being present in the abdomen and head of parasitised lady beetles, but absent from resistant beetles in which the wasp larvae fail to develop. In beetles that recover from paralysis, the level of virus declines significantly. Virus particles, together with lipid droplets, have been observed in glial cells of the cerebral ganglia in parasitised lady beetles. After the wasp larva emerges from the beetle, signs of neuropathy develop including numerous vacuoles in the beetle glial cells. [1] Dheilly and co-workers speculate that this nervous tissue damage is caused by the beetle's immune response and that it mediates the observed change in behaviour, characterising the virus as a "biological weapon" deployed by the wasp against the beetle. [1] [3] [7]

See also

Other viruses associated with insect behavioural changes:

Related Research Articles

Parasitoid Organism that lives with host and kills it

In evolutionary ecology, a parasitoid is an organism that lives in close association with its host at the host's expense, eventually resulting in the death of the host. Parasitoidism is one of six major evolutionary strategies within parasitism, distinguished by the fatal prognosis for the host, which makes the strategy close to predation.

Poliovirus Enterovirus

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Hymenoepimecis argyraphaga is a Costa Rican parasitoid wasp whose host is the spider Plesiometa argyra. The wasp is unusual in modifying the spider's web building behavior to make a web made of very strong lines designed to support the wasp's cocoon without breaking in the rain.

<i>Dicistroviridae</i> Family of viruses

Dicistroviridae is a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales. Invertebrates, including aphids, leafhoppers, flies, bees, ants, and silkworms, serve as natural hosts. There are 15 species in this family, assigned to three genera. Diseases associated with this family include: DCV: increased reproductive potential. extremely pathogenic when injected with high associated mortality. CrPV: paralysis and death.

Polydnavirus Family of viruses

A polydnavirus (PDV) is a member of the family Polydnaviridae of insect viruses. There are two genera in the family: Bracovirus and Ichnovirus. Polydnaviruses form a symbiotic relationship with parasitoid wasps;. The larvae of wasps in both of those groups are themselves parasitic on Lepidoptera, and the polydnaviruses are important in circumventing the immune response of their parasitized hosts. Little or no sequence homology exists between BV and IV, suggesting that the two genera have been evolving independently for a long time.

An obligate parasite or holoparasite is a parasitic organism that cannot complete its life-cycle without exploiting a suitable host. If an obligate parasite cannot obtain a host it will fail to reproduce. This is opposed to a facultative parasite, which can act as a parasite but does not rely on its host to continue its life-cycle. Obligate parasites have evolved a variety of parasitic strategies to exploit their hosts. Holoparasites and some hemiparasites are obligate.

Parasitoid wasp Group of wasps

Parasitoid wasps are a large group of hymenopteran superfamilies, with all but the wood wasps (Orussoidea) being in the wasp-waisted Apocrita. As parasitoids, they lay their eggs on or in the bodies of other arthropods, sooner or later causing the death of these hosts. Different species specialise in hosts from different insect orders, most often Lepidoptera, though some select beetles, flies, or bugs; the spider wasps (Pompilidae) exclusively attack spiders.

<i>Cotesia congregata</i> Species of wasp

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Coccinellidae Family of beetles

Coccinellidae is a widespread family of small beetles ranging in size from 0.8 to 18 mm. The family is commonly known as ladybugs in North America and ladybirds in Great Britain and other parts of the English-speaking world. Entomologists prefer the names ladybird beetles or lady beetles as these insects are not classified as true bugs.

Wasp Members of the order Hymenoptera which are not ants nor bees

A wasp is any insect of the narrow-waisted suborder Apocrita of the order Hymenoptera which is neither a bee nor an ant; this excludes the broad-waisted sawflies (Symphyta), which look somewhat like wasps, but are in a separate suborder. The wasps do not constitute a clade, a complete natural group with a single ancestor, as bees and ants are deeply nested within the wasps, having evolved from wasp ancestors. Wasps that are members of the clade Aculeata can sting their prey.

Iflaviridae Family of viruses

Iflaviridae is a family of positive sense RNA viruses insect-infecting viruses. Some of the insects commonly infected by iflaviruses include aphids, leafhoppers, flies, bees, ants, silkworms and wasps. The name "Ifla" is derived from the name "Infectious flacherie virus", a member species. There is one genus (Iflavirus) and 15 species in this family.

<i>Dinocampus coccinellae</i> Species of insect

Dinocampus coccinellae is a braconid wasp parasite of coccinellid beetles, including the spotted lady beetle, Coleomegilla maculata. D. coccinellae has been described as turning its ladybird host into a temporary "zombie" guarding the wasp cocoon. About 25% of Coleomegilla maculata recover after the cocoon they are guarding matures, although the proportion of other ladybird species which recover is much lower.

<i>Betanodavirus</i> Genus of viruses

Betanodavirus, or nervous necrosis virus (NNV), is a genus of noneveloped positive-strand RNA viruses in the family Nodaviridae. Member viruses infect fish and cause viral nervous necrosis (VNN) and viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER). The genus contains four species.

Behavior-altering parasites are parasites with two or more hosts, capable of causing changes in the behavior of one of their hosts to enhance their transmission, sometimes directly affecting the hosts' decision-making and behavior control mechanisms. They do this by making the intermediate host, where they may reproduce asexually, more likely to be eaten by a predator at a higher trophic level which becomes the definitive host where the parasite reproduces sexually; the mechanism is therefore sometimes called parasite increased trophic facilitation or parasite increased trophic transmission. Examples can be found in bacteria, protozoa, viruses, and animals. Parasites may also alter the host behaviour to increase protection of the parasites or their offspring. The term bodyguard manipulation is used for such mechanisms.

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<i>Alphanodavirus</i> Genus of viruses

Alphanodavirus is a genus of non-enveloped positive-strand RNA viruses in the family Nodaviridae. Insects, mammals, and fishes serve as natural hosts. Diseases associated with this genus include: Nodamura virus paralysis in infected wax moth larvae. Member viruses can also provoke paralysis and death to suckling mice and suckling hamsters. There are five species in this genus.

<i>Nodamura virus</i> Species of virus

Nodamura virus (NoV) is a member of the family Nodaviridae, which was originally isolated from mosquitoes in Japan near the village of Nodamura in 1956. Other members of Nodaviridae are flock house virus (FHV) and black beetle virus (BBV). NoV has been found to multiply in several insect and tick species; however, these infected individuals seem to be asymptomatic. Nodamura virus is the only member of the genus Alphanodavirus that can infect insects, fish, and mammals.

<i>Black queen cell virus</i> Species of virus

The black queen cell virus (BQCV) is a virus that infects honey bees, specifically Apis mellifera, Apis florea, and Apis dorsata. Infection of the latter two species is more recent and can be attributed to genetic similarity and geographical closeness. It is important to learn about this virus because it is one of the most common bee viruses and bees are the most important pollinators. The agricultural industry depends on the bee's pollination to increase its economic value.

Black beetle virus (BBV) is a virus that was initially discovered in the North Island of New Zealand in Helensville in dead New Zealand black beetles in 1975.

Nealiolus curculionis is a species of parasitic wasp in the family Braconidae. It is a parasitoid of the sunflower stem weevil Cylindrocopturus adspersus, and a number of other species of stem-boring weevils.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Dheilly NM, Maure F, Ravallec M, et al. (2015), "Who is the puppet master? Replication of a parasitic wasp-associated virus correlates with host behaviour manipulation", Proceedings of the Royal Society B , vol. 282, no. 1803, p. 20142773, doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.2773, PMC   4345448 , PMID   25673681
  2. 1 2 Maure F, Brodeur J, Ponlet N, et al. (December 2011), "The cost of a bodyguard", Biology Letters , vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 843–6, doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0415, PMC   3210670 , PMID   21697162, archived from the original on 2014-08-08
  3. 1 2 3 Anonymous (2015), "Wasp virus turns ladybugs into zombie babysitters", Science , doi:10.1126/science.aaa7844
  4. 1 2 3 Owen J (10 February 2015), "Wasp zombifies ladybugs using virus as bio-weapon—a first", National Geographic
  5. ↑ Rincon P (23 June 2011), "Ladybird made into 'zombie' bodyguard by parasitic wasp", BBC News, BBC, retrieved 12 February 2015
  6. ↑ M.Dheilly (22 March 2015), Who is the puppet master? Replication of a parasitic wasp-associated virus correlates with host behaviour manipulation, royalsocietypublishing.org
  7. ↑ Sekar S (10 February 2015), "Cooperative control", The Scientist
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