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Drag-reducing agents (DRA), or drag-reducing polymers (DRP's), are additives in pipelines that reduce turbulence in a pipe. Usually used in petroleum pipelines, they increase the pipeline capacity by reducing turbulency and increasing laminar flow. [1]
Drag reducing agents can be broadly classified [2] under the following four categories – Polymers, Solid-particle suspensions, Biological additives, and Surfactants. These agents are made out of high molecular weight polymers or micellar systems. The polymers help with drag reduction by decreasing turbulence in the oil lines. This allows for oil to be pumped through at lower pressures, saving energy and money. Although these drag reducing agents are mostly used in oil lines, there is research being done to see how helpful polymers could be in reducing drag in veins and arteries.
Using just a few parts per million of the drag reducer helps to reduce the turbulence inside the pipe. Because the oil pushes up against the inside wall of the pipe, the pipe pushes the oil back down causing a swirling of turbulence to occur which creates a drag force. When the polymer is added, it interacts with the oil and the wall to help reduce the contact of the oil with the wall.
Degradation can occur on the polymers during the flow. Because of the pressure and temperature on the polymers, it is easier to break them down. Because of this, the drag reducing agent is re-injected after points like pumps and turns, where the pressure and temperature can be extra high. To safeguard against degradation at high temperature, a different class of drag reducing agents are at times used, namely, surfactants. [3] Surfactant is a very convenient contraction of the term Surface-active agent. It connotes an organic molecule or an unformulated compound having surface-active properties. All three classes of surfactants, namely, anionic, cationic and nonionic surfactants, have been successfully tried as drag-reducing agents. [4]
Knowing what will create the ideal drag reducer is key in this process. Ideal molecules have a high molecular weight, shear degradation resistance, are quick to dissolve in whatever is in the pipe, and have low degradation in heat, light, chemicals, and biological areas.
With drag reduction, there are many factors which play a role in how well the drag is reduced. A main factor in this is temperature. With a higher temperature, the drag reducing agent is easier to degrade. At a low temperature the drag reducing agent will tend to cluster together. This problem can be solved easier than degradation though, by adding another chemical, such as aluminum to help lower the drag reducing agent's inter-molecular attraction.
Other factors are the pipe diameter, inside roughness, and pressure. Drag is higher in smaller diameter pipe. The rougher the inside surface of the pipe, the higher the drag, or friction, which is measured by the Reynold's number. Increasing the pressure will increase flow and reduce drag, but is limited by the maximum pressure rating of the pipe.
Drag reducing agents have been found useful in reducing turbulence in the shipbuilding industry, for fire-fighting operations, oil-well fracturing processes, [5] in irrigation systems and in central heating devices. Drag reducers can work in a couple of different fields. The most popular are crude oil, refined products and non-potable water. Currently there are several studies with ongoing tests in rats looking to see if drag reducers can help with blood flow.
The earliest works that recorded a decrease in pressure drop during turbulent flow were undertaken in the thirties [6] [7] [8] and concerned the transportation of paper pulp. This was, however, not explicitly referred to as a drag reduction phenomenon. Toms [9] was the first to recognize the tremendous reduction in wall shear stress caused by the addition of small amount of linear macromolecules to a turbulent flowing fluid. An extensive bibliography of the first 25 years of drag reduction by polymer additives literature identified over 270 references. [10]
Drag reducers were introduced into the market in the early 1970s by Conoco Inc. [11] (now known as LiquidPower Specialty Products Inc. (LSPI), a Berkshire Hathaway Company). Its use has allowed pipeline systems to greatly increase in traditional capacity and extended the life of existing systems. The higher flow rates possible on long pipelines have also increased the potential for surge on older systems not previously designed for high velocities.
Both proprietary (such as Conoco T-83) and non-proprietary (such as poly-isobutylene) drag reduction additives have been evaluated by the U.S. Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Center for enhancement of military petroleum pipeline systems. [12]
An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible owing to liquid-liquid phase separation. Emulsions are part of a more general class of two-phase systems of matter called colloids. Although the terms colloid and emulsion are sometimes used interchangeably, emulsion should be used when both phases, dispersed and continuous, are liquids. In an emulsion, one liquid is dispersed in the other. Examples of emulsions include vinaigrettes, homogenized milk, liquid biomolecular condensates, and some cutting fluids for metal working.
In physics, physical chemistry and engineering, fluid dynamics is a subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that describes the flow of fluids—liquids and gases. It has several subdisciplines, including aerodynamics and hydrodynamics. Fluid dynamics has a wide range of applications, including calculating forces and moments on aircraft, determining the mass flow rate of petroleum through pipelines, predicting weather patterns, understanding nebulae in interstellar space and modelling fission weapon detonation.
A lubricant is a substance that helps to reduce friction between surfaces in mutual contact, which ultimately reduces the heat generated when the surfaces move. It may also have the function of transmitting forces, transporting foreign particles, or heating or cooling the surfaces. The property of reducing friction is known as lubricity.
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Oil additives are chemical compounds that improve the lubricant performance of base oil. The manufacturer of many different oils can utilize the same base stock for each formulation and can choose different additives for each specific application. Additives comprise up to 5% by weight of some oils.
In 1948 Toms discovered by experiments that the addition of a small amount of polymer into a turbulent Newtonian solvent, which results in a Non-Newtonian fluid solution, can reduce the skin frictional drag on a stationary surface by up to 80%. This technology has been successfully implemented to reduce pumping cost for oil pipelines, to increase the flow rate in fire fighting equipment and to help irrigation and drainage. It also has potential applications in the design of ship and submarine hulls to achieve an increased speed and reduced energy cost.
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2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) was a Trademark name by The Lubrizol Corporation. It is a reactive, hydrophilic, sulfonic acid acrylic monomer used to alter the chemical properties of wide variety of anionic polymers. In the 1970s, the earliest patents using this monomer were filed for acrylic fiber manufacturing. Today, there are over several thousands patents and publications involving use of AMPS in many areas including water treatment, oil field, construction chemicals, hydrogels for medical applications, personal care products, emulsion coatings, adhesives, and rheology modifiers.
In fluid mechanics, the Reynolds number is a dimensionless quantity that helps predict fluid flow patterns in different situations by measuring the ratio between inertial and viscous forces. At low Reynolds numbers, flows tend to be dominated by laminar (sheet-like) flow, while at high Reynolds numbers, flows tend to be turbulent. The turbulence results from differences in the fluid's speed and direction, which may sometimes intersect or even move counter to the overall direction of the flow. These eddy currents begin to churn the flow, using up energy in the process, which for liquids increases the chances of cavitation.
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SNF is one of the largest manufacturers of polyacrylamides. These water-soluble polymers are used as flocculants and coagulants in solid/water separation to recycle water, rheology modifiers and friction reducers. These functionalities have many uses where water is used, in drinking water production, wastewater treatment, mining, paper, enhanced oil recovery, hydraulic fracturing, agriculture, textile and cosmetics.
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