Dual state (model)

For other uses, see Dual state.

The dual state is a model in which the functioning of a state is divided into a normative state, which operates according to set rules and regulations, and a prerogative state, "which exercises unlimited arbitrariness and violence unchecked by any legal guarantees". ^[1] It was invented by Ernst Fraenkel to describe the functioning of the Nazi state especially law in Nazi Germany, and described in his book The Dual State: A Contribution to the Theory of Dictatorship  [ de ].

Although it was originally intended as an analysis of authoritarian states, some elements of the prerogative state are present in democracies. ^{[2] [3] [4]} The model has also been applied to other states such as Israel, ^{[5] [6] [7] [8]} the United States, ^{[9] [10]} South Africa, ^[11] Fascist Italy, ^[12] twenty-first century China ^{[13] [14]} and Russia ^{[15] [16] [17]} as well as Lebanon ^[18] .

References

1. Fraenkel 2018, p. 17.
2. Markovits, Inga (2006). "Transitions to Constitutional Democracies: The German Democratic Republic". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 603 (1): 140–154. doi:10.1177/0002716205282408. S2CID   154981020.
3. Suntrup, Jan Christoph (2020). "Between prerogative power and legality – reading Ernst Fraenkel's The Dual State as an analytical tool for present authoritarian rule". Jurisprudence. 11 (3): 335–359. doi:10.1080/20403313.2020.1734337. S2CID   216447975.
4. Schotel, Bas (2021). "Administrative Law as a Dual State. Authoritarian Elements of Administrative Law". Hague Journal on the Rule of Law. 13 (1): 195–222. doi: 10.1007/s40803-021-00156-4 . ISSN   1876-4053. S2CID   234754461.
5. Ben-Natan, Smadar (2021). "The dual penal empire: Emergency powers and military courts in Palestine/Israel and beyond". Punishment & Society. 23 (5): 741–763. doi:10.1177/14624745211040311.
6. Mackert, Jürgen (2021). "Introduction: A 'master-race democracy': Myths and lies of Western liberal civilization". The Condition of Democracy. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-003-15838-7.
7. Dayan, Hilla (2022). "Israel/Palestine: Authoritarian Practices in the Context of a Dual State Crisis". New Authoritarian Practices in the Middle East and North Africa. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 131–151. ISBN   978-1-4744-8943-0.
8. Mehozay, Yoav (2016). Between the Rule of Law and States of Emergency: The Fluid Jurisprudence of the Israeli Regime. State University of New York Press. ISBN   978-1-4384-6340-7.
9. Tushnet, Mark (2022). "The Dual State in the United States: The Case of Lynching and Legal Lynchings" . The Law & Ethics of Human Rights. 16 (1): 41–59. doi:10.1515/lehr-2022-2003. ISSN   1938-2545. S2CID   250360161.
10. Saito, Natsu Taylor (2007). From Chinese Exclusion to Guantánamo Bay: Plenary Power and the Prerogative State. University Press of Colorado. ISBN   978-0-87081-851-6.
11. Meierhenrich, Jens (2008). The Legacies of Law: Long-Run Consequences of Legal Development in South Africa, 1652–2000. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-1-139-47517-4.
12. Costa, Pietro (2022). "The Fascist Regime between 'Law' and 'Politics': A Case of 'Dual State'?". Giornale di Storia Costituzionale. 43: 93.
13. Pils, Eva (2014). China's Human Rights Lawyers: Advocacy and Resistance. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-134-45068-8.
14. Fu, Hualing (2022). "Between the Prerogative and the Normative States: The Evolving Power to Detain in China's Political-Legal System" . The Law & Ethics of Human Rights. 16 (1): 61–97. doi:10.1515/lehr-2022-2006. ISSN   1938-2545. S2CID   250360175.
15. Sakwa, Richard (2010). "The revenge of the Caucasus: Chechenization and the dual state in Russia". Nationalities Papers. 38 (5): 601–622. doi:10.1080/00905992.2010.498468. S2CID   154320723.
16. Sakwa, Richard (2010). The Crisis of Russian Democracy: The Dual State, Factionalism and the Medvedev Succession. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-76842-9.
17. Sakwa, Richard (2010). "The Dual State in Russia". Post-Soviet Affairs. 26 (3): 185–206. doi:10.2747/1060-586X.26.3.185. S2CID   144025460.
18. Laḥḥām, Wisām al- (2024). Pacte national et décision souveraine: Liban de 1920 à nos jours. Paris: Geuthner. pp. 284–285. ISBN   978-2-7053-4132-9.

Further reading

• Fraenkel, Ernst (2018). Meierhenrich, Jens (ed.). The Dual State: A Contribution to the Theory of Dictatorship. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-102533-4.
• Dubber, Markus D. (2018). The Dual Penal State: The Crisis of Criminal Law in Comparative-Historical Perspective. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-874429-0.

See also

• Deep state