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Blood libel or ritual murder libel is an antisemitic canard which falsely accuses Jews of murdering Christians in order to use their blood in the performance of religious rituals. Echoing very old myths of secret cultic practices in many prehistoric societies, the claim, as it is leveled against Jews, was rarely attested to in antiquity. According to Tertullian, it originally emerged in late antiquity as an accusation made against members of the early Christian community of the Roman Empire. Once this accusation had been dismissed, it was revived a millennium later as a Christian slander against Jews in the medieval period. This libel, alongside those of well poisoning and host desecration, became a major theme of the persecution of Jews in Europe from that period down to modern times.
The Phi Beta Kappa Society (ΦΒΚ) is the oldest academic honor society in the United States, and among the most prestigious, due in part to its long history and academic selectivity. Phi Beta Kappa aims to promote and advocate excellence in the liberal arts and sciences, and to induct the most outstanding students of arts and sciences at only select American colleges and universities. It was founded at the College of William and Mary on December 5, 1776, as the first collegiate Greek-letter fraternity and was among the earliest collegiate fraternal societies. Since its inception, 17 U.S. presidents, 40 U.S. Supreme Court justices, and 136 Nobel laureates have been inducted as members.
The Damascus affair of 1840 refers to the arrest of several notable members of the Jewish community in Damascus on the accusation of murdering Father Thomas, a Christian monk, and his Muslim servant for the purpose of using their blood to bake matzo, an antisemitic accusation also known as the blood libel.
William of Norwich was an English boy whose disappearance and killing was, at the time, attributed to the orders of a Pseudo-Messiah based in Southern France and to have been allegedly carried out by that leader's followers among the French-speaking Jewish community of Norwich. It is the earliest documented Medieval accusation against Jews of ritual child murder. The crime occurred at a time of messianic fervor among Jewish communities throughout the known world and one in which Christian holy sites were desperate to compete for pilgrims and their donations, particularly following martyrdoms and paranormal apparitions. The Diocese of Norwich, which promoted stories of William's supposed death, in odium fidei, lacked a local patron saint and associated pilgrimage shrine. It has been suggested that they may have exploited the accusations for their own institutional benefit.
Thomas of Monmouth was a Benedictine monk who lived in the Priory at Norwich Cathedral, England during the mid-twelfth century. He was the author of The Life and Miracles of St William of Norwich, a hagiography of William of Norwich that is considered the earliest example of the ritual murder libel.
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Antisemitism in the history of the Jews in the Middle Ages became increasingly prevalent in the Late Middle Ages. Early instances of pogroms against Jews are recorded in the context of the First Crusade. Expulsions of Jews from cities and instances of blood libel became increasingly common from the 13th to the 15th century. This trend only peaked after the end of the medieval period, and it only subsided with Jewish emancipation in the late 18th and 19th centuries.
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Harold of Gloucester was a supposed child martyr who was falsely claimed by Benedictine monks to have been ritually murdered by Jews in Gloucester, England, in 1168. The claims arose in the aftermath of the circulation of the first blood libel myth following the unsolved murder of William of Norwich. A Christian cult and veneration of Harold was briefly promoted in Gloucester, but soon died out.
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The Life and Miracles of St William of Norwich or Vita et Passione Sancti Willelmi Martyris Norwicensis is a Latin hagiography of William of Norwich by the Benedictine monk Thomas of Monmouth that was written in the second half of the twelfth century. It puts forth the false claim that a young boy named William, who had been found dead in a forest, was in fact ritually murdered by Jews, and was therefore eligible for sainthood.
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References
- ↑ Harvard Program in Medieval Studies retrieved October 4, 2016
- ↑ "Getting to the truth of blood libel". 21 November 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
- ↑ "E.M. Rose". Jewish Book Council. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
- ↑ Oxford University Press: The Murder of William of Norwich retrieved October 4, 2016
- ↑ Los Angeles Review of Books: The Mundane Origins of a Historical Drama by Irven M. Resnick, July 30, 2015 retrieved October 4, 2016
- ↑ The Huffington Post: How Does Genocide Begin? A Review of 'The Murder of William of Norwich' by Joel L. Watts, August 10, 2015 retrieved October 4, 2016
- ↑ Jewish Book Council: The Murder of William of Norwich review by David Sclar retrieved October 4, 2016
- 1 2 The Sunday Times: REVIEW: The Murder of William of Norwich by Dan Jones, 26 July 2015 retrieved October 4, 2016
- ↑ Moment: Book Review // Predecessor to 'The Protocols' by Jonathan Brent retrieved October 4, 2016
- ↑ The Nation: The Origins of Blood Libel by Madeleine Schwartz, January 28, 2016 retrieved October 4, 2016
- ↑ Literary Review (UK): Doubting Thomas by R I Moore retrieved October 4, 2016
- ↑ Yale Alumni Magazine: The Murder of William of Norwich by Mark Oppenheimer retrieved October 4, 2016
- ↑ The Wall Street Journal: A Crime That Echoes Through the Centuries by Ben Cohen, August 28, 2015 retrieved October 4, 2016
- ↑ Phi Beta Kappa Society: 2016 Book Award Winners retrieved October 4, 2016
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