Research and career
Ward remained at Cambridge as a Junior Research Fellow at Gonville and Caius College and subsequently as the Stanley Elmore Senior Research fellow at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. [8] During this time, she carried out research in the Department of Biochemistry, and subsequently worked with the 2018 Nobel Laureate, Sir Gregory Winter, on antibody repertoire technology at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge. [9]
In 1990, Ward moved to the United States. She joined the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, where she was a member of the founding team of the Centre for Immunology. She was awarded various named chairs in Texas, including the Paul and Betty Meek-FINA Professorship. In 1996, Ward identified the Fc receptor, a regulator of Immunoglobulin G levels. [10] She moved to the Texas A&M University Health Sciences University in 2014. [10] In 2018, Ward returned to the United Kingdom, joining the University of Southampton as Professor of Molecular Immunology and Director of Translational Immunology. [11] [12]
Ward's primary research interests have been directed towards understanding the factors that regulate the persistence and transport of antibodies in the body. This has relevance to the maintenance of immunity, in addition to the successful delivery of therapeutic antibodies. In 1996, Ward's laboratory addressed a longstanding question in immunology by identifying the neonatal Fc receptor, FcRn, as the regulator of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels and transport in the body [13] . The identification of FcRn as a critical player in these processes also confirmed the 30-year old Brambell hypothesis (F.W.R. Brambell) [14] that connected IgG transport and persistence.
The knowledge of the central role of FcRn in regulating antibody levels was used to develop an approach to extend the in vivo persistence of antibodies, namely half-life extension (HLE) [15] . This approach leads to substantial increases in the longevity of antibody-based drugs, allowing lower dosing frequencies. HLE has been widely implemented by biopharma and is used in several clinically approved antibody therapeutics (e.g. [16] [17] ), with many more in ongoing clinical trials.
Ward's identification of the role of FcRn in regulating IgG levels has led to the development of FcRn antagonists (or inhibitors) that lower antibody levels. Specifically, Ward developed an engineered antibody, called an Abdeg (for antibody that enhances IgG degradation), to inhibit FcRn [18] . The Abdeg technology was licensed to the biopharma company, argenx, and led to the first approved FcRn antagonist, efgartigimod [19] [20] [21] . Efgartigimod is approved to treat several autoantibody-mediated diseases, and its approval has been followed by that of additional FcRn antagonists developed by other companies.
To address the need for treatments for autoimmune disease that are not immunosuppressive, Ward's laboratory pioneered an approach for the specific removal of antibodies that cause disease in autoimmunity or other antibody-mediated pathologies [22] . This has been named Seldeg technology (for selective degradation).
Ward's research has also involved the use of cell biological studies to generate engineered antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) that are more effective in delivering cytotoxic drugs to tumor cells for the treatment of cancer. [23] This approach, called ALTA technology, is expected to lead to reduced side-effects due to undesirable toxicities that can currently limit the effective use of ADCs to treat cancer.
Ward has developed advanced microscopies and image analysis techniques. She has demonstrated single molecule spectroscopy is capable of imaging single protein molecules at exceptional resolution. She uses multi-colour imaging to interrogate the cell surfaces. Using these approaches, Ward visualised the biological pathways intracellular endoscopes to the plasma membrane (and vice versa). [24] She has also pioneered open access software packages for miroscopy analysis. [24]
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