EU-Alert

Last updated April 05, 2024

A device running iOS 17 during tests of the Spanish EU-Alert variant (called ES-Alert) in Barcelona on 14 September 2023. The upper notification is written in Catalan and English, and the lower one in Catalan and Spanish. Both were sent from the Catalan government's Operational Coordination Centre. The discordant tone, together with the display of a system-unique emergency notification, makes sure these alerts are unique, authentic, and immediately recognisable.

EU-Alert is the generic term for the European Public Warning Service based upon Cell Broadcast technology.

EU-Alert standard

The EU-Alert standard (TS 102 900 V1.3.1)^[2] as defined by ETSI is the European Public Warning Service using the Cell Broadcast Service as a means of delivering public warning messages to the general public.

Specific countries using the EU-Alert service are identified by replacing the letters EU with the Country Identification letters in ISO 3166-1.

Dependent on the country legislation there are 5 types of Public Warning Service (PWS) messages one can receive on the mobile device. They're grouped into Cell Broadcast headings and channels, and include:

Extreme threats: Classified as threats to people’s life and property, like an impending catastrophic weather event (hurricane, tsunami, typhoon, flooding), disease epidemic warnings or terrorist attacks.^[3]
Severe threats: Less serious than the extreme threats, these could be the same types of situations, but on a smaller scale — stay safe, but no need to pack up the car and head for the hills.
EU-Amber, Amber alerts: These are specific alerts aimed at locating a missing child.
EU-Info, Public Safety Messages to convey essential, recommended actions that can save lives or property (e.g. emergency shelter locations or a boil water order).
EU-Exercise, Test messages for national/regional/local purposes.

In countries that have selected Cell Broadcast as the technology to submit public warning messages up to 70–85% of the population older than 12 years will receive the public warning verification message within seconds after the government authorities have submitted the message. Cell Broadcast is since 2012 supported by the default messaging app in Android, iOS and Windows 10. Similar systems based on Cell Broadcast have been used in other countries, for example Emergency Mobile Alert (New Zealand) and Wireless Emergency Alerts (US).

Implementation by member states

The following countries have an operational EU-Alert system based on the standard using Cell Broadcast technology:

NL-Alert: the national variant of EU-Alert for the Netherlands.
GR-Alert: the national variant of EU-Alert for Greece.
LT-Alert: the national variant of EU-Alert for Lithuania.
RO-Alert:^[4] the national variant of EU-Alert for Romania.
ES-Alert:^[5] the national variant of EU-Alert for Spain (started testing in October-November 2022).
FR-Alert: The national variant of EU-Alert for France. (started testing in May 2022)^[6] the beginning of the national utilization is planned for the end of June 2022.^[7]
DE-Alert: the national variant of EU-Alert for Germany.^[8]
S!RENEN (in English "The S!REN"): the national variant of EU-Alert for Denmark.^[9] The system was formally launched in April 2023,^[10] and was first activated during Denmark's annual national test of the civil defense siren system in May 2023.
Nødvarsel: Norway launched its system in 2023^[11]
HR-Alert :the national variant of EU-Alert for Croatia (both LB-SMS and Cell Broadcast).
IT-Alert [ it ]: the national variant of EU-Alert for Italy; launched in February 2024.^[12]

The following countries are in the implementation or testing stage of EU-Alert system based on the standard using Cell Broadcast technology:

AT-Alert: the national variant of EU-Alert for Austria – being implemented.
LU-Alert: the national variant of EU-Alert for Luxembourg ^[13] – currently LB-SMS, being upgraded to CB
BG-Alert:^[14] the national variant of EU-Alert for Bulgaria – Currently being tested.
Latvia ^[15]
Slovenia ^[16]
Republic of Ireland ^[17]
Alert RCB [ pl ]: location-Based SMS system in use in Poland. Due to be upgraded to Cell Broadcast technology starting in 2023.^[18]

The following countries use Location-Based SMS systems which do not adhere to the ETSI EU-Alert standard, but might fulfill the EU legislation.

Belgium – BE-Alert
Estonia – EE-Alarm
Iceland – Váboðunarkerfi Almannavarna
Sweden – VMA

EU Legislation

As per 11 December 2018, the Council of the European Union has adopted the new Directive on European Electronic Communications Code (EECC).^[19] Under the new Directive, all EU member states will also have to set up a public warning system to protect citizens. This system will send alerts to all citizens and visitors mobile phones in a specific area in the event of a natural disaster, terrorist attack or other major emergency in their area.

The mandatory implementation of the public warning system will have to be in place by 21 June 2022 for each EU member state (Full text of the European Electronic Communications Code).

Requirements under the Legislation: According to the directive a Public Warning System (PWS) must be able to:

Target the affected population by specific geography so as not to cause widespread panic
Reach a high percentage of people in the targeted area, not just residents but roaming visitors using their native language
Send messages in real-time, within seconds and with a high degree of reliability
Send message without the need for the public to have to opt-in
The transmission of public warning messages should be free of charge for end-users not just residents but also roaming visitors

BEREC guidelines

According to the Article 110(2) EECC, by 21 June 2020, BEREC must publish guidelines on how to assess whether the effectiveness of public warning systems under Article 110(2) EECC is equivalent to the effectiveness of those systems under the Article 110(1) EECC.

Alternative solutions

Possible alternative for EU-Alert to use other electronic communications services, such as location based SMS or apps. However, several conditions must be met according to the new European Electronic Communications Code Legislation:

As efficient as network-based technologies
Reception of the alert should be easy
Information to all visitors entering the country
Transmission of the alert is free to the user
Comply with privacy rules

Downloadable Mobile Applications

There are several downloadable mobile applications on the market that often warn on natural catastrophes; however, these are often not of official, but part of private initiatives that replicate information from state agencies.^[20]

All downloadable mobile applications have the issue that they are highly affected by traffic load as they require mobile data usage; therefore, especially in case of a disaster when load spikes of data (Social media, Voice and Mobile app) tend to significantly slowdown mobile networks, as multiple terrorist attacks showed.

Moreover, downloadable Mobile Apps needs to be downloaded by subscribers and the experience over the years in many countries is that only a fraction of the population will take the effort to download and use an Emergency Mobile app that is only activated a few times in a year. Examples are in Germany with 1,500,000 downloads of the Katwarn and NINA mobile application ^[21] reaching a maximum of 2.5M people in Germany (<3% of the German population) and France only 500,000 downloads of the SAIP mobile application (<1% of the French population) despite large investments in application development and marketing. In France because of the limited success of the downloadable Mobile App SAIP (Système d’Alerte et d’Information des Populations) the service has been stopped as of June 2018.^[22]^[23]

Location based SMS

As far as the network and the end user is concerned, a Location-Based-SMS (LB-SMS) message is simply a normal SMS message which is sent to a subset of the Mobile Network's attached devices, which happen to be in a particular geographical area. In order to achieve this for some mobile network topologies however, the network must maintain a database of all mobile devices in the target location for potential Public Warning Service messages. In other words, for all areas that the Mobile anticipates potentially delivering LB-SMS messages into, a list of all users currently located in those areas must be kept up to date at all times.

While mobile networks require knowledge of subscribers’ locations for normal operation, this is usually not maintained at all times at the granularity of the single cell level. Therefore, an LB-SMS implementation will usually require the deployment of a Mobile Location Cente (MLC). The methods used by the MLC to track mobile devices as they move around the network are not standardised and are subject to a certain level of inaccuracy. Some MLCs track device location to the cell level, whereas other MLC providers claim to fix device location to a greater level of accuracy. Depending on the level of location granularity stored in the MLC, the precision of targeting will vary. There may be privacy implications in tracking user locations in this manner that should be considered.

Aside from the location specific aspect, the principle difference between CB and LB-SMS services is that the mobile network for location based SMS must carry each recipient's message separately, since the SMS standards do not have a ‘one-to-many’ or a broadcast capability.

LB-SMS messages look and behave the same was as any other SMS message a user would receive, and the user has no way of verifying that the message is coming from an authorised/authoritative source other than the sending identifier (often '112', which can be easily spoofed).

Based upon last years experience the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency concluded in a report published in May 2018^[24] that in case of serious events it's extremely unlikely that Public Warning Messages via SMS will work and will be delivered in a timely manner (less than 1 minute).

Disadvantages

Disadvantages to use location based SMS in national public warning systems are:

No international recognized telecommunication standardization body has defined a standard for location based SMS for Public Warning Services.
Scalability. While mobile networks are dimensioned to carry millions of messages per day, MNOs assume a relatively flat distribution across the network in terms of both time and location. In other words, the average number of messages per second in a given cell is relatively low even in a busy network. In some alerting use cases however (for example notifying all users in a particular area by SMS) it would be possible for the radio access network to be flooded by SMS messages. In this case, messages which cannot be delivered on the first attempt are usually queued up on the MNO SMSC for further delivery attempts. In the worst case, the mobile network could take hours to deliver all queued warning messages.
Delivery time of Location Based SMS warning messages to groups of people in the Geo-target area are long and are depending on the number of people present in the area, it can take up to several hours to reach 300,000 people in a city e.g. in the May 2018 Sweden case^[25] and in the September 2019 Portugal case.^[26]
Due to the nature of international SMS routing (SMS Home routing). It should also be noted that LB SMS messages will often not reach inbound roamers as delivery of Short code based messages abroad are blocked by the home operator due to roaming charging agreement (AA19).
The granularity of an LB-SMS warning message will depend on the accuracy of the MLC in the MNOs network, usually a single cell which has radius between 3 and 25 km (2 and 16 miles).
LB-SMS warning messages will not produce notifications sounds or a ringtone and vibration different than an ordinary SMS message, thus end users could easily overlook warning messages.
LB SMS messages can be easily faked and would require the deployment of security devices e.g. SMS firewall on each mobile operator international SS7 signaling links.
When sending an LB-SMS a delivery receipt could be requested upon message submission to the MNOs SMSC. This receipt provides information about the delivery of the message to the end user device only, with no indication whether the message has been read or not. However, these delivery receipt messages may increase the network load for a given alerting event, the impact of which should be considered.

Related Research Articles

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Mobile marketing is a multi-channel online marketing technique focused at reaching a specific audience on their smartphones, feature phones, tablets, or any other related devices through websites, e-mail, SMS and MMS, social media, or mobile applications. Mobile marketing can provide customers with time and location sensitive, personalized information that promotes goods, services, appointment reminders and ideas. In a more theoretical manner, academic Andreas Kaplan defines mobile marketing as "any marketing activity conducted through a ubiquitous network to which consumers are constantly connected using a personal mobile device".

Cell Broadcast (CB) is a method of sending messages to multiple mobile telephone users in a defined area at the same time. It is defined by the ETSI's GSM committee and 3GPP and is part of the 2G, 3G, 4G LTE (telecommunication) and 5G standards. It is also known as Short Message Service-Cell Broadcast (SMS-CB) or CB SMS.

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Wireless Emergency Alerts, is an alerting network in the United States designed to disseminate emergency alerts to mobile devices such as cell phones and pagers. Organizations are able to disseminate and coordinate emergency alerts and warning messages through WEA and other public systems by means of the Integrated Public Alert and Warning System.

The Integrated Public Alert and Warning System (IPAWS) is an architecture that unifies the United States' Emergency Alert System, National Warning System, Wireless Emergency Alerts, and NOAA Weather Radio, under a single platform. IPAWS was designed to modernize these systems by enabling alerts to be aggregated over a network and distributed to the appropriate system for public dissemination.

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An emergency communication system (ECS) is any system that is organized for the primary purpose of supporting one-way and two-way communication of emergency information between both individuals and groups of individuals. These systems are commonly designed to convey information over multiple types of devices, from signal lights to text messaging to live, streaming video, forming a unified communication system intended to optimize communications during emergencies. Contrary to emergency notification systems, which generally deliver emergency information in one direction, emergency communication systems are typically capable of both initiating and receiving information between multiple parties. These systems are often made up of both input devices, sensors, and output/communication devices. Therefore, the origination of information can occur from a variety of sources and locations, from which the system will disseminate that information to one or more target audiences.

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The United Kingdom's mobile phone alert system is an emergency population warning system that uses cell broadcast. The coalition government first considered the technology in 2013-2015 but the project was shelved due to concerns over the cost, following the coronavirus pandemic the first test alert sent in May 2021. The warning system is intended for use in major incidents such as flooding or terror attacks. The Emergency Alert System was launched on 19 March 2023, and tested on a nationwide basis for the first time on 23 April 2023.

The National Messaging System (NMS) is an upcoming Australian cell broadcast emergency population warning system that is slated to replace the current location-targeted, SMS-based Emergency Alert system. It is currently expected to be in operation by late 2024.

References

↑ "Toxins released in fire at Venlo Business Park". NL Times. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
↑ "Technical specification ETSI TS 102 900 V1.3.1" (PDF). ETSI EMTEL. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
↑ "EU reaches agreement on European public warning solution". European Emergency Number Association. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
↑ https://ro-alert.ro/ Archived 24 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine (in Romanian).
↑ https://www.proteccioncivil.es/-/protección-civil-ensaya-el-env%C3%ADo-de-alertas-a-móviles-es-alert-en-diversas-comunidades-autónomas (in Spanish).
↑ "Test à Martigues" (in French). Archived from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
↑ "Pourquoi allez-vous peut-être recevoir une alerte sur votre mobile ?" (in French). Retrieved 4 June 2022.
↑ "Automatische und schnelle Warnung bei Katastrophen und Notfällen" [Cell broadcast in Deutschland] (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2022.
↑ "Frontpage | Beredskabsstyrelsen". Sirenen. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
↑ "Mobilbaseret varsling". Beredskabsstyrelsen (in Danish). Retrieved 2 May 2023.
↑ "Home". www.emergencyalert.no. 4 October 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
↑ "IT-alert operational from February 13 for four types of risk". www.it-alert.it. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
↑ "National warning system: LU-Alert". gouvernement.lu. 17 August 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
↑ "BgAlert". 1 November 2023. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
↑ "A cell broadcasting system will be introduced to inform the population about possible catastrophic threats or military threats | Iekšlietu ministrija". www.iem.gov.lv. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
↑ Singh, Preeti, ed. (26 January 2022). "Slovenia selects Genasys' National Emergency Warning System (NASDAQ:GNSS) | Seeking Alpha". seekingalpha.com. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
↑ O'Cearbhaill, Muiris (16 April 2023). "Government text messaging system for large-scale emergencies in Ireland expected next year". TheJournal.ie. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
↑ "Kto zawiadomi Polaków o ataku z powietrza? Rząd planuje zmiany". Rzeczpospolita (in Polish). Retrieved 26 May 2023.
↑ "Directive (EU) 2018/1972 establishing the European Electronic Communications Code". European Union. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
↑ "Alert SA scrapped by State Government after failure during catastrophic fire conditions". ABC News. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
↑ Spehr, Michael (14 March 2017). "Warnung: Sie werden nicht gewarnt" [Warning: you will not be warned]. Frankfurter Allgemeine Digital (in German). Retrieved 14 March 2017.
↑ Signoret, Perrine; Tual, Morgane; Audureau, William (29 May 2018). "Le gouvernement abandonne l'application d'alerte attentat SAIP" [French Government abandons SAIP alert app]. Le Monde (in French). Retrieved 29 May 2018.
↑ "SAIP the french alert app shuts down". Rude Baguette. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
↑ "Analys av VMA 2017 En studie av hur VMA hanterats i aktuella händelser" (PDF). Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (in Swedish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 November 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
↑ "Telco's explain why SMS warning messages are delayed". GMA news online. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
↑ Lopes, Melissa (5 September 2019). "Risco de incêndio: SMS da Proteção Civil chegou a 6 milhões de pessoas" [Portuguese Civil Protection location based SMS campaign reached 6 million people in 2 hours]. noticias ao minuto.com (in Portuguese). Retrieved 5 September 2019.

Sources

"5G Americas White Paper Public Warning Systems in the Americas" (PDF). www.5gamericas.org. 5G Americas. July 2018.
"Mobile Network Public Warning Systems and the Rise of Cell-Broadcast" (PDF). www.gsma.com. GSMA. January 2013.

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[1] "Toxins released in fire at Venlo Business Park". NL Times. Retrieved 7 August 2018.

[2] "Technical specification ETSI TS 102 900 V1.3.1" (PDF). ETSI EMTEL. Retrieved 1 February 2019.

[3] "EU reaches agreement on European public warning solution". European Emergency Number Association. Retrieved 6 June 2018.

[4] ttps://ro-alert.ro/ Archived 24 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine (in Romanian).

[5] ttps://www.proteccioncivil.es/-/protección-civil-ensaya-el-env%C3%ADo-de-alertas-a-móviles-es-alert-en-diversas-comunidades-autónomas (in Spanish).

[6] "Test à Martigues" (in French). Archived from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.

[7] "Pourquoi allez-vous peut-être recevoir une alerte sur votre mobile ?" (in French). Retrieved 4 June 2022.

[8] "Automatische und schnelle Warnung bei Katastrophen und Notfällen" [Cell broadcast in Deutschland] (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2022.

[9] "Frontpage | Beredskabsstyrelsen". Sirenen. Retrieved 2 May 2023.

[10] "Mobilbaseret varsling". Beredskabsstyrelsen (in Danish). Retrieved 2 May 2023.

[11] "Home". www.emergencyalert.no. 4 October 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.

[12] "IT-alert operational from February 13 for four types of risk". www.it-alert.it. Retrieved 23 February 2024.

[13] "National warning system: LU-Alert". gouvernement.lu. 17 August 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2023.

[14] "BgAlert". 1 November 2023. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.

[15] "A cell broadcasting system will be introduced to inform the population about possible catastrophic threats or military threats | Iekšlietu ministrija". www.iem.gov.lv. Retrieved 26 May 2023.

[16] Singh, Preeti, ed. (26 January 2022). "Slovenia selects Genasys' National Emergency Warning System (NASDAQ:GNSS) | Seeking Alpha". seekingalpha.com. Retrieved 26 May 2023.

[17] O'Cearbhaill, Muiris (16 April 2023). "Government text messaging system for large-scale emergencies in Ireland expected next year". TheJournal.ie. Retrieved 26 May 2023.

[18] "Kto zawiadomi Polaków o ataku z powietrza? Rząd planuje zmiany". Rzeczpospolita (in Polish). Retrieved 26 May 2023.

[19] "Directive (EU) 2018/1972 establishing the European Electronic Communications Code". European Union. Retrieved 11 December 2018.

[20] "Alert SA scrapped by State Government after failure during catastrophic fire conditions". ABC News. Retrieved 8 January 2018.

[21] Spehr, Michael (14 March 2017). "Warnung: Sie werden nicht gewarnt" [Warning: you will not be warned]. Frankfurter Allgemeine Digital (in German). Retrieved 14 March 2017.

[22] Signoret, Perrine; Tual, Morgane; Audureau, William (29 May 2018). "Le gouvernement abandonne l'application d'alerte attentat SAIP" [French Government abandons SAIP alert app]. Le Monde (in French). Retrieved 29 May 2018.

[23] "SAIP the french alert app shuts down". Rude Baguette. Retrieved 1 June 2018.

[24] "Analys av VMA 2017 En studie av hur VMA hanterats i aktuella händelser" (PDF). Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (in Swedish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 November 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.

[25] "Telco's explain why SMS warning messages are delayed". GMA news online. Retrieved 13 August 2018.

[26] Lopes, Melissa (5 September 2019). "Risco de incêndio: SMS da Proteção Civil chegou a 6 milhões de pessoas" [Portuguese Civil Protection location based SMS campaign reached 6 million people in 2 hours]. noticias ao minuto.com (in Portuguese). Retrieved 5 September 2019.

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