EU-Alert

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Test of the Spanish EU-Alert variant (ES-Alert) in Barcelona in 2023, on an iOS device.

EU-Alert is a Public Warning System designed to disseminate emergency alerts to mobile phones based on Cell Broadcast technology, as defined by ETSI standards. National authorities are able to disseminate emergency alerts and warning messages through the system. EU-Alert is a standard designed for interoprability and national implementation may vary. [1] The standards are based on NL-Alert from the Netherlands, which first became operational in 2012. [2]

Contents

EU-Alert standard

The EU-Alert standard (TS 102 900 V1.3.1) [1] as defined by ETSI is the European Public Warning Service using the Cell Broadcast Service as a means of delivering public warning messages to the general public. Cell Broadcast is not affected by traffic load; therefore, it is very suitable during a disaster when load spikes of data, SMS and voice calls usage (mass call events) tend to significantly congest mobile networks, as multiple events have shown.

Specific countries using the EU-Alert service are identified by replacing the letters EU with the Country Identification letters in ISO 3166-1 (e.g. NL-Alert), although some countries have their own names for alerting systems.

Technical standards are outlined in the ETSI TS 102 900 standard as well as the 3GPP TS 23.041 standard, but national implementation varies. [3] Alerts can be geo-targeted, when only phones in a defined geographical area are set to receive an alert. When an alert is received, a notification is shown in a unique format and a dedicated sound is played even if the phone is set to silent: a two-tone attention sound ⓘ of 853  Hz and 960 Hz sine waves. [4] Cell Broadcast emergency alerts can be broadcast in a local language and an additional language, which will be displayed depending on the user's device language setting. [3] Most phone manufacturers adhere to these standards but have slightly different user interfaces. [5] Similar to emergency calls, devices do not usually need a SIM card to receive alerts. [4]

EU-Alert messages have distinct alert levels, using a message identifier outlined in 3GPP standards. The alert level is defined by the severity of the warning, e.g. threat to life, imminent danger or advisory message. [3]

3GPP Message Identifier Hex codeAlert TypeDescriptionOpt-out
1112EU-Alert Level 1Highest level of threat where immediate public warning is necessary.No
1113, 1114, 1120, 1121EU-Alert Level 2Extreme threat: impending catastrophic natural hazard event such as a severe storm, flooding, volcano, landslide, earthquake, epidemic, hurricane, tsunami or terrorist attack. Including evacuation orders. [6] Yes
1115-1119, 111A, 1122–1127EU-Alert Level 3Severe threat: Less serious than the extreme threats, these could be the same types of situations, but on a smaller scale or impact.Yes
112CEU-Alert Level 4 (EU-Info)Public Safety Messages to convey essential, recommended actions that can save lives or property (e.g. emergency shelter locations or a boil water order), but are not urgent.Yes
111BEU-Amber Amber alerts: These are specific alerts aimed at locating a missing child.Yes
(1900)(EU-Info)No longer in use: depreciated to EU-Alert Level 4Yes
111CEU-Monthly TestYes
112EEU-TestTest messages for national/regional/local purposes.Yes
111DEU-ExerciseYes

Normally, all levels of EU-Alert are treated the same by the device. The same notification type and sound are emitted regardless of level. Depending on national implementation, users may be able to opt-out of receiving lower level alerts. However, the highest level of alert will always be displayed on a user's device. [7] [3]

NL-Alert broadcast in the area of Venlo on 7 August 2018 because of a large toxic fire NL-Alert voorbeeld.jpg
NL-Alert broadcast in the area of Venlo on 7 August 2018 because of a large toxic fire

Since 2012, Cell Broadcast has been supported by Android, iOS and Windows 10. Similar systems based on Cell Broadcast have been used in other countries, for example Wireless Emergency Alerts (US) and Emergency Mobile Alert (New Zealand).

Implementation by member states

Status of Implementation of EU-Alert system in November 2024. Dark green: Cell Broadcast, Light green: Cell Broadcast in implementation, Blue: Location-Based SMS (LB-SMS), Turquoise: LB-SMS being upgraded to Cell broadcast. EU-Alert Implementation, Nov 2024.svg
Status of Implementation of EU-Alert system in November 2024. Dark green: Cell Broadcast, Light green: Cell Broadcast in implementation, Blue: Location-Based SMS (LB-SMS), Turquoise: LB-SMS being upgraded to Cell broadcast.

The following countries have an operational EU-Alert system based on the standard using Cell Broadcast technology:

The following countries are in the implementation or testing stage of EU-Alert system based on the standard using Cell Broadcast technology:

The following countries use Location-Based SMS systems which do not adhere to the ETSI EU-Alert standard, but might fulfill the EU legislation.

EU Legislation

As per 11 December 2018, the Council of the European Union has adopted the new Directive on European Electronic Communications Code (EECC). [28] Under the new Directive, all EU member states will also have to set up a public warning system to protect citizens. This system will send alerts to all citizens and visitors mobile phones in a specific area in the event of a natural disaster, terrorist attack or other major emergency in their area. Cell Broadcast is one solution, but LB-SMS may also be acceptable according to the regulation.

The mandatory implementation of the public warning system will have to be in place by 21 June 2022 for each EU member state (Full text of the European Electronic Communications Code).

Requirements under the Legislation: According to the directive a Public Warning System (PWS) must be able to:

Alternative solutions

Possible alternative for EU-Alert to use other electronic communications services, such as location based SMS or apps. However, several conditions must be met according to the new European Electronic Communications Code Legislation:

Downloadable Mobile Applications

There are several downloadable mobile applications on the market that often warn on natural catastrophes; however, these are often not of official, but part of private initiatives that replicate information from state agencies. [29]

All downloadable mobile applications have the issue that they are highly affected by traffic load as they require mobile data usage; therefore, especially in case of a disaster when load spikes of data (Social media, Voice and Mobile app) tend to significantly slowdown mobile networks, as multiple terrorist attacks showed.

Moreover, downloadable Mobile Apps needs to be downloaded by subscribers and the experience over the years in many countries is that only a fraction of the population will take the effort to download and use an Emergency Mobile app that is only activated a few times in a year. Examples are in Germany with 1,500,000 downloads of the Katwarn and NINA mobile application [30] reaching a maximum of 2.5M people in Germany (<3% of the German population) and France only 500,000 downloads of the SAIP mobile application (<1% of the French population) despite large investments in application development and marketing. In France because of the limited success of the downloadable Mobile App SAIP (Système d’Alerte et d’Information des Populations) the service has been stopped as of June 2018. [31] [32]

Location based SMS (LB-SMS)

Location-Based SMS message in Iceland during a volcanic eruption. Displays as a regular SMS message from sender '112'. Location Based SMS - 112 - Iceland Fagradalsfjall 2022.jpg
Location-Based SMS message in Iceland during a volcanic eruption. Displays as a regular SMS message from sender '112'.

As far as the network and the end user is concerned, a Location-Based-SMS (LB-SMS) message is simply a normal SMS message which is sent to a subset of the Mobile Network's attached devices, which happen to be in a particular geographical area. In order to achieve this for some mobile network topologies however, the network must maintain a database of all mobile devices in the target location for potential Public Warning Service messages. In other words, for all areas that the Mobile anticipates potentially delivering LB-SMS messages into, a list of all users currently located in those areas must be kept up to date at all times.

While mobile networks require knowledge of subscribers’ locations for normal operation, this is usually not maintained at all times at the granularity of the single cell level. Therefore, an LB-SMS implementation will usually require the deployment of a Mobile Location Cente (MLC). The methods used by the MLC to track mobile devices as they move around the network are not standardised and are subject to a certain level of inaccuracy. Some MLCs track device location to the cell level, whereas other MLC providers claim to fix device location to a greater level of accuracy. Depending on the level of location granularity stored in the MLC, the precision of targeting will vary. There may be privacy implications in tracking user locations in this manner that should be considered.

Aside from the location specific aspect, the principle difference between CB and LB-SMS services is that the mobile network for location based SMS must carry each recipient's message separately, since the SMS standards do not have a ‘one-to-many’ or a broadcast capability.

LB-SMS messages look and behave the same was as any other SMS message a user would receive, and the user has no way of verifying that the message is coming from an authorised/authoritative source other than the sending identifier (often '112', which can be easily spoofed).

Based upon last years experience the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency concluded in a report published in May 2018 [33] that in case of serious events it's extremely unlikely that Public Warning Messages via SMS will work and will be delivered in a timely manner (less than 1 minute).

Disadvantages

Disadvantages to use location based SMS in national public warning systems are:

  • No international recognized telecommunication standardization body has defined a standard for location based SMS for Public Warning Services.
  • Scalability. While mobile networks are dimensioned to carry millions of messages per day, MNOs assume a relatively flat distribution across the network in terms of both time and location. In other words, the average number of messages per second in a given cell is relatively low even in a busy network. In some alerting use cases however (for example notifying all users in a particular area by SMS) it would be possible for the radio access network to be flooded by SMS messages. In this case, messages which cannot be delivered on the first attempt are usually queued up on the MNO SMSC for further delivery attempts. In the worst case, the mobile network could take hours to deliver all queued warning messages.
  • Delivery time of Location Based SMS warning messages to groups of people in the Geo-target area are long and are depending on the number of people present in the area, it can take up to several hours to reach 300,000 people in a city e.g. in the May 2018 Sweden case [34] and in the September 2019 Portugal case. [35]
  • Due to the nature of international SMS routing (SMS Home routing). It should also be noted that LB SMS messages will often not reach inbound roamers as delivery of Short code based messages abroad are blocked by the home operator due to roaming charging agreement (AA19).
  • The granularity of an LB-SMS warning message will depend on the accuracy of the MLC in the MNOs network, usually a single cell which has radius between 3 and 25 km (2 and 16 miles).
  • LB-SMS warning messages will not produce notifications sounds or a ringtone and vibration different than an ordinary SMS message, thus end users could easily overlook warning messages.
  • LB SMS messages can be easily faked and would require the deployment of security devices e.g. SMS firewall on each mobile operator international SS7 signaling links.
  • When sending an LB-SMS a delivery receipt could be requested upon message submission to the MNOs SMSC. This receipt provides information about the delivery of the message to the end user device only, with no indication whether the message has been read or not. However, these delivery receipt messages may increase the network load for a given alerting event, the impact of which should be considered.

See also

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References

  1. 1 2 "Technical specification ETSI TS 102 900 V1.3.1" (PDF). ETSI EMTEL. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  2. ↑ "KPN selects one2many for NL-Alert". Light Reading. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Standards, European. "ETSI TS 102 900 V1.1.1". www.en-standard.eu. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
  4. 1 2 "Technical specification ETSI TS 102 900 V1.3.1" (PDF). ETSI EMTEL. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  5. ↑ "How to Disable Amber Alerts". Alphr.com. 16 November 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  6. ↑ "EU reaches agreement on European public warning solution". European Emergency Number Association. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  7. ↑ "Wireless Emergency Alerts | FEMA.gov". www.fema.gov. 18 October 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
  8. ↑ "Toxins released in fire at Venlo business". NL Times.
  9. ↑ "Test of BG-Alert Notification System Reported Successful". www.bta.bg. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
  10. ↑ "BgAlert". 1 November 2023. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  11. ↑ "Automatische und schnelle Warnung bei Katastrophen und Notfällen" [Cell broadcast in Deutschland] (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2022.
  12. ↑ https://www.proteccioncivil.es/-/protección-civil-ensaya-el-env%C3%ADo-de-alertas-a-móviles-es-alert-en-diversas-comunidades-autónomas (in Spanish).
  13. ↑ "Test à Martigues" (in French). Archived from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  14. ↑ "Pourquoi allez-vous peut-être recevoir une alerte sur votre mobile ?" (in French). Retrieved 4 June 2022.
  15. ↑ "SRUUK - Sustav za rano upozoravanje i upravljanje krizama". civilna-zastita.gov.hr. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
  16. ↑ "IT-alert operational from February 13 for four types of risk". www.it-alert.it. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
  17. ↑ "National warning system: LU-Alert". gouvernement.lu. 17 August 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  18. ↑ Infrocrise - Luxembourg
  19. ↑ "Home". www.emergencyalert.no. 4 October 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  20. ↑ https://ro-alert.ro/ Archived 24 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine (in Romanian).
  21. ↑ "Frontpage | Beredskabsstyrelsen". Sirenen. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  22. ↑ "Mobilbaseret varsling". Beredskabsstyrelsen (in Danish). Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  23. ↑ "Kto zawiadomi Polaków o ataku z powietrza? Rząd planuje zmiany". Rzeczpospolita (in Polish). Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  24. ↑ "A cell broadcasting system will be introduced to inform the population about possible catastrophic threats or military threats | Iekšlietu ministrija". www.iem.gov.lv. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  25. ↑ Singh, Preeti, ed. (26 January 2022). "Slovenia selects Genasys' National Emergency Warning System (NASDAQ:GNSS) | Seeking Alpha". seekingalpha.com. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  26. ↑ Oireachtas, Houses of the (14 May 2024). "Emergency Planning – Tuesday, 14 May 2024 – Parliamentary Questions (33rd Dáil) – Houses of the Oireachtas". www.oireachtas.ie. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
  27. ↑ O'Cearbhaill, Muiris (16 April 2023). "Government text messaging system for large-scale emergencies in Ireland expected next year". TheJournal.ie. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
  28. ↑ "Directive (EU) 2018/1972 establishing the European Electronic Communications Code". European Union. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  29. ↑ "Alert SA scrapped by State Government after failure during catastrophic fire conditions". ABC News. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  30. ↑ Spehr, Michael (14 March 2017). "Warnung: Sie werden nicht gewarnt" [Warning: you will not be warned]. Frankfurter Allgemeine Digital (in German). Retrieved 14 March 2017.
  31. ↑ Signoret, Perrine; Tual, Morgane; Audureau, William (29 May 2018). "Le gouvernement abandonne l'application d'alerte attentat SAIP" [French Government abandons SAIP alert app]. Le Monde (in French). Retrieved 29 May 2018.
  32. ↑ "SAIP the french alert app shuts down". Rude Baguette. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
  33. ↑ "Analys av VMA 2017 En studie av hur VMA hanterats i aktuella händelser" (PDF). Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (in Swedish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 November 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  34. ↑ "Telco's explain why SMS warning messages are delayed". GMA news online. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  35. ↑ Lopes, Melissa (5 September 2019). "Risco de incêndio: SMS da Proteção Civil chegou a 6 milhões de pessoas" [Portuguese Civil Protection location based SMS campaign reached 6 million people in 2 hours]. noticias ao minuto.com (in Portuguese). Retrieved 5 September 2019.

Sources

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