Ecdysteroids are arthropod steroid hormones that are mainly responsible for molting (ecdysis), development and, to a lesser extent, reproduction; [1] [2] [3] [4] examples of ecdysteroids include ecdysone, 20-hydroxyecdysone (ecdysterone), turkesterone and 2-deoxyecdysone. [5] These compounds are synthesized in arthropods from dietary cholesterol via the Halloween family of cytochrome P450 enzymes. [6]
Compounds with ecdysteroid activity in arthropods are not only produced by these animals (zooecdysteroids). Phytoecdysteroids also appear in many plants mostly as a protection agents (toxins or antifeedants) against herbivore insects. [7] [8] Fungi also produce a handful of mycoecdysteroids. [9] In addition, synthetic ecdysteroid pesticides such as methoxyfenozide have been produced. [10]
Ecdysterone has been tested on mammals due to the interest in its potential hypertrophic effect. It has been found to increase hypertrophy in rats at a similar level to some anabolic androgenic steroids and SARMs. [11] This is proposed to be through increase of Calcium leading to activation of Akt and protein synthesis in skeletal muscles. [12] A newer study points to estrogen receptor beta. [13]
20-hydroxyecdysone is a human drug candidate. [14]
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