Ecuadorian security crisis | ||||||||
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Part of the War on drugs (in Ecuador) and the spillover of the Colombian conflict | ||||||||
Ecuadorian Army assaulting the Litoral Penitentiary, in Guayaquil | ||||||||
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Belligerents | ||||||||
| Los Choneros Latin Kings Sinaloa Cartel | Los Lagartos Los Lobos Los Tiguerones Los Chone Killers Jalisco New Generation Cartel | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | ||||||||
Guillermo Lasso | José Adolfo Macías Villamar | Nemesio Oseguera Cervantes | ||||||
Casualties and losses | ||||||||
Unknown | Unknown |
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Since around 2018, [1] Ecuador has suffered a security crisis resulting from conflicts between criminal organizations with connections to drug trafficking. [2] In recent years, coca leaf production has risen in neighboring Colombia [1] and Peru, [3] with both cocaine and coca base entering Ecuador by land and leaving by sea. [1]
Meanwhile, FARC and the Colombian government reached a peace agreement in the mid-2010s. Multiple groups fought to fill the vacuum left by FARC, and FARC members who opposed the peace deal relocated to Ecuador. Additionally, Ecuador's use of the United States dollar makes it easier for gangs to launder money. [4]
Inter-gang conflicts began after the murder on 28 December 2020 of Jorge Luis Zambrano, leader of the criminal syndicate Los Choneros, considered one of the oldest and most dangerous in the country. [5] Zambrano's death led to the criminal groups known as Los Chone Killers, Los Lobos, Los Pipos, and Los Tiguerones, which functioned as substructures of Los Choneros, to separate from the gang and start a war against its former leaders for control of the country's prisons and drug trafficking through a series of massacres and other criminal acts. [6] [5] [7] A 2022 report by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights said that the government had "lost control" of its prison system. [1]
The focus of the violence was at first focused within the prisons of the country, [6] with events such as the February 2021 Ecuadorian prison riots and the September 2021 Guayaquil prison riot, both of which occurred in 2021 and the second considered one of the bloodiest prison massacres in Latin American history. [5] In total, 503 inmates were murdered in the country during 2021 alone. [8]
In recent years, the wave of violence has also manifested itself outside prisons, and international criminal organisations now operate within Ecuador, including the Sinaloa Cartel, the Jalisco New Generation Cartel, and the Albanian mafia. [1] This has been reflected in citizen perception, as shown by a survey carried out by the firm Click Research in October 2021, which indicated that crime was considered by the citizens as the biggest problem that the country was going through. [2] The wave of violence has generated a sharp rise in the number of murders in the country. [9] In 2021, the intentional homicide rate reached 14.04 per 100,000 people (the highest since 2011), [10] compared to a rate of 7.8 in 2020. [11] These figures continued to increase in 2022. The most violent areas in the country includes the cantons of Guayaquil, Durán and Samborondón. It saw 53 murders between January and February 2021 and 162 in the same period in 2022. [12]
The murder rate of 46.5 homicides per 100,000 residents that year was the highest in Ecuador's history. [57]
Lenín Boltaire Moreno Garcés is an Ecuadorian politician who served as the 46th president of Ecuador, from 2017 to 2021. Moreno was vice president from 2007 to 2013, serving under President Rafael Correa.
Guillermo Alberto Santiago Lasso Mendoza is an Ecuadorian businessman, banker and politician who served as the 47th president of Ecuador from 2021 to 2023. He was the country's first conservative president in nearly two decades, marking a shift in the country's electorate.
On 23 February 2021, 79 inmates were killed and several others were injured in riots that took place simultaneously in four prisons in Ecuador. Authorities gave gang rivalry in an overcrowded prison system as the cause. The violence happened in prisons located in the Guayas, Azuay, and Cotopaxi provinces, which contain nearly 70% of the total prison population in the country.
The September 2021 Guayaquil prison riot occurred at the Litoral Penitentiary in Guayaquil, Ecuador on 28 September 2021. At least 123 inmates were killed and several others were injured in the riot that took place in that prison. It was the deadliest prison fight in the country's history and one of the deadliest in Latin American history.
The November 2021 Guayaquil prison riot occurred on 13 November 2021 at the Litoral Penitentiary in Guayaquil, Ecuador, killing at least 68 people and injuring 25.
The Litoral Penitentiary, known officially as Center for Social Rehabilitation of Men No. 1 of Guayaquil, is the largest prison in Ecuador. It is located 16.5 km (10.3 mi) from Vía a Daule, on the outskirts of Guayaquil. The prison has twelve pavilions and has a capacity of five thousand inmates, although by July 2021 it housed around ten thousand. It is part of the Guayas Penitentiary Complex, which also includes the Guayas Regional Rehabilitation Center, La Roca Prison and the Provisional Detention Center.
A series of protests against the economic policies of Ecuadorian president Guillermo Lasso, triggered by increasing fuel and food prices, began on 13 June 2022. Initiated by and primarily attended by Indigenous activists, in particular the Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador (CONAIE), the protests have since been joined by students and workers who have also been affected by the price increases. Lasso condemned the protests and labelled them as an attempted "coup d'état" against his government.
Events in the year 2023 in Ecuador.
General elections are scheduled to be held in Ecuador on 9 February 2025. If necessary, a second round will be held on 13 April 2025. Incumbent President Daniel Noboa is running for re-election, having been elected in the 2023 general election. The election will also elect members of the National Assembly to a full four year term.
Los Lobos is an Ecuadorian criminal organization that specializes in drug trafficking and working as hitmen for international partners or allied groups. Los Lobos began as a splinter group of the Los Choneros drug cartel, but broke away in 2020 after the death of Jorge Luis Zambrano, along with Los Chone Killers and Los Tiguerones. The group has over 8,000 members and mainly operates in cities of Latacunga, Cuenca, and Machala, and also in the province of Pastaza. Los Lobos participates in exporting cocaine from Ecuador.
Jorge Luis Zambrano González, also known by the alias Rasquiña, was an Ecuadorian drug trafficker. He was the leader of Los Choneros from 2007 until his murder in 2020.
Events in the year 2024 in Ecuador.
José Adolfo Macías Villamar, also known by the alias Fito, is an Ecuadorian drug lord and the current leader of Los Choneros cartel. He assumed leadership in 2020 following the murder of his predecessor Jorge Luis Zambrano. He had been incarcerated since 2011, having previously escaped prison and lived as a fugitive in 2013. In January 2024, he escaped from prison again, prompting a state of emergency to be called in Ecuador for sixty days and initiating the 2024 conflict in Ecuador. Until now, he has not been found.
On 9 January 2024, an armed conflict broke out in Ecuador involving the country's government against several organized crime groups, most notably the Los Choneros cartel.
Los Chone Killers, or Chone Killers, are an Ecuadorian criminal and terrorist organization known for their drug trafficking activities, assassinations, and other crimes. The group split from Los Choneros in 2020, along with Los Lobos and Los Tiguerones following the murder of Los Choneros leader Jorge Luis Zambrano. The group mainly operates in Guayas Province, in particular the city of Durán.
Los Tiguerones are an Ecuadorian crime syndicate that specializes in drug trafficking activities, assassinations, and other crimes. The group split from Los Choneros in 2020, along with Los Lobos and Los Chone Killers following the murder of Los Choneros leader Jorge Luis Zambrano. The group is based in Esmeraldas.
The Ecuadorian Drug War is an internal conflict in Ecuador waged by the Ecuadorian security forces against criminal groups since the beginning of 2018. The conflict is divided into two parts, the first is the Ecuadorian government against satellite groups of the Jalisco New Generation Cartel and Sinaloa Cartel, and the second is the confrontation between said satellite groups for dominance and hegemony.
The Escuadrones volantes, also known as Escuadrones de la muerte, were elite units of the National Police of Ecuador that were created in May 1985 by conservative President León Febres-Cordero Ribadeneyra. The units launched a systematic, government-backed campaign of human rights violations and acts of torture in the name of fighting crime and subversion. According to a report submitted by the Truth Commission—created in 2007 by the Office of the Attorney General of Ecuador—during the three years that they were in operation, the mobile squads perpetrated 32 extrajudicial killings, 12 attacks, and 9 enforced disappearances, and were involved in 214 cases of unlawful imprisonment, 275 acts of torture, and 72 cases of sexual abuse. Among the most notorious crimes perpetrated by the mobile squads are those of the Restrepo Arismendi brothers, Professor Consuelo Benavides, and blue-collar worker Jaime Otavalo, as well as Arturo Jarrín and Fausto Basantes, leaders of subversive groups. Febres-Cordero always refused to assume responsibility for the crimes and claimed not to have authorized any of the instances of torture or murder. However, Juan Vela—who was a member of the Social Christian Party along with Febres-Cordero during the latter’s administration—confessed to the Truth Commission that the former president had given the order to carry out acts of torture. The mobile squads were eliminated in 1988 by President Rodrigo Borja Cevallos, who succeeded Febres-Cordero.
The Purga Case is the media term for a criminal judicial process in Ecuador in which the Attorney General's Office has pressed charges against several public officials and justice operators, seeking to prove the connections between politics, justice, and drug trafficking.
María Daniela Icaza Resabala was an Ecuadorian prison official who was the acting director of the Litoral Penitentiary, known officially as Center for Social Rehabilitation of Men No. 1 of Guayaquil, the largest prison in Ecuador. The prison holds nearly 12,000 inmates. She was killed during a wave of violence against prison and municipal officials after gang violence put the country's prisons under military protection.