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A mental disorder is an impairment of the mind disrupting normal thinking,feeling,mood,behavior,or social interactions,and accompanied by significant distress or dysfunction. The causes of mental disorders are very complex and vary depending on the particular disorder and the individual. Although the causes of most mental disorders are not fully understood,researchers have identified a variety of biological,psychological,and environmental factors that can contribute to the development or progression of mental disorders. Most mental disorders result in a combination of several different factors rather than just a single factor.
Health psychology is the study of psychological and behavioral processes in health,illness,and healthcare. It is concerned with understanding how psychological,behavioral,and cultural factors contribute to physical health and illness. Psychological factors can affect health directly. For example,chronically occurring environmental stressors affecting the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis,cumulatively,can harm health. Behavioral factors can also affect a person's health. For example,certain behaviors can,over time,harm or enhance health. Health psychologists take a biopsychosocial approach. In other words,health psychologists understand health to be the product not only of biological processes but also of psychological,behavioral,and social processes.
Psychological resilience is the ability to cope mentally or emotionally with a crisis or to return to pre-crisis status quickly. Resilience exists when the person uses "mental processes and behaviors in promoting personal assets and protecting self from the potential negative effects of stressors". In simpler terms,psychological resilience exists in people who develop psychological and behavioral capabilities that allow them to remain calm during crises/chaos and to move on from the incident without long-term negative consequences.
The psychosocial approach looks at individuals in the context of the combined influence that psychological factors and the surrounding social environment have on their physical and mental wellness and their ability to function. This approach is used in a broad range of helping professions in health and social care settings as well as by medical and social science researchers.
The Hispanic paradox,or Latino paradox,is an epidemiological finding that Hispanic and Latino Americans tend to have health outcomes that "paradoxically" are comparable to,or in some cases better than,those of their U.S. non-Hispanic White counterparts,even though Hispanics have lower average income and education. Low socioeconomic status is almost universally associated with worse population health and higher death rates everywhere in the world. The paradox usually refers in particular to low mortality among Latinos in the United States relative to non-Hispanic Whites. According to the Center for Disease Control's 2015 Vital Signs report,Hispanics in the United States had a 24% lower risk of mortality,as well as lower risk for nine of the fifteen leading causes of death as compared to Whites.
Childhood trauma is often described as serious adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Children may go through a range of experiences that classify as psychological trauma;these might include neglect,abandonment,sexual abuse,emotional abuse,and physical abuse,witnessing abuse of a sibling or parent,or having a mentally ill parent. These events have profound psychological,physiological,and sociological impacts and can have negative,lasting effects on health and well-being such as unsocial behaviors,attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),and sleep disturbances. Similarly,children with mothers who have experienced traumatic or stressful events during pregnancy can increase the child's risk of mental health disorders and other neurodevelopmental disorders. Kaiser Permanente and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 1998 study on adverse childhood experiences determined that traumatic experiences during childhood are a root cause of many social,emotional,and cognitive impairments that lead to increased risk of unhealthy self-destructive behaviors,risk of violence or re-victimization,chronic health conditions,low life potential and premature mortality. As the number of adverse experiences increases,the risk of problems from childhood through adulthood also rises. Nearly 30 years of study following the initial study has confirmed this. Many states,health providers,and other groups now routinely screen parents and children for ACEs.
Occupational health psychology (OHP) is an interdisciplinary area of psychology that is concerned with the health and safety of workers. OHP addresses a number of major topic areas including the impact of occupational stressors on physical and mental health,the impact of involuntary unemployment on physical and mental health,work-family balance,workplace violence and other forms of mistreatment,psychosocial workplace factors that affect accident risk and safety,and interventions designed to improve and/or protect worker health. Although OHP emerged from two distinct disciplines within applied psychology,namely,health psychology and industrial and organizational psychology,for a long time the psychology establishment,including leaders of industrial/organizational psychology,rarely dealt with occupational stress and employee health,creating a need for the emergence of OHP. OHP has also been informed by other disciplines,including occupational medicine,sociology,industrial engineering,and economics,as well as preventive medicine and public health. OHP is thus concerned with the relationship of psychosocial workplace factors to the development,maintenance,and promotion of workers' health and that of their families. The World Health Organization and the International Labour Organization estimate that exposure to long working hours causes an estimated 745,000 workers to die from ischemic heart disease and stroke in 2016,mediated by occupational stress.
Suniya S. Luthar is Founder and Executive Director of AC Groups nonprofit,Professor Emerita at Teachers College-Columbia University,and Co-Founder Emerita at Authentic Connections Co. She had previously served on the faculty at Yale University's Department of Psychiatry and the Yale Child Study Center and as Foundation Professor of Psychology at the Arizona State University.
Sheldon Cohen is the Robert E. Doherty University Professor of Psychology at Carnegie Mellon University. He is the director of the Laboratory for the Study of Stress,Immunity and Disease. He is a member of the Department of Psychology at Carnegie Mellon and Adjunct Professor of Psychiatry and of Pathology at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.
Social stress is stress that stems from one's relationships with others and from the social environment in general. Based on the appraisal theory of emotion,stress arises when a person evaluates a situation as personally relevant and perceives that they do not have the resources to cope or handle the specific situation. The activation of social stress does not necessarily have to occur linked to a specific event,the mere idea that the event may occur could trigger it. This means that any element that takes a subject out of their personal and intimate environment could become a stressful experience. Situation that makes them socially incompetent individuals.
Bonnie Ruth Strickland is known for her contributions to the psychology community. From her decades long career at Emory University and University of Massachusetts Amherst to her time as the president of the American Psychological Association (APA) she has contributed a great deal to clinical psychology,social psychology,and feminism.
Margaret Beale Spencer is an American psychologist whose work centers on the effects of ethnicity,gender,and race on youth and adolescent development. She currently serves as the Marshall Field IV Professor of Urban Education in the Department of Comparative Human Development at the University of Chicago. Dr. Spencer's career spans more than 30 years and consists of over 115 published articles and chapters,stemming from work funded by over two-dozen foundations and federal agencies.
A psychosocial hazard or work stressor is any occupational hazard related to the way work is designed,organized and managed,as well as the economic and social contexts of work. Unlike the other three categories of occupational hazard,they do not arise from a physical substance,object,or hazardous energy.
Nancy Elinor Adler is an American health psychologist. She is the Lisa and John Pritzker Professor of Medical Psychology at the University of California,San Francisco (UCSF) and director of UCSF's Center for Health and Community Sciences. Adler is known for her research on health behaviors,health disparities,and social determinants of health.
Ann S. Masten is a Professor at the Institute of Child Development at the University of Minnesota known for her research on the development of resilience and for advancing theory on the positive outcomes of children and families facing adversity. Masten received the American Psychological Association Urie Bronfenbrenner Award for Lifetime Contributions to the Service of Science and Society in 2014. She has served as President of the Society for Research in Child Development and of Division 7 (Developmental) of the American Psychological Association.
Linda C. Gallo is a scientist known for behavioral medicine. Gallo is a professor at San Diego State University and serves as a part of the San Diego State / University of California,San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology. She serves as a Co-Director at the South Bay Latino Research Center.
Jeannette R. Ickovics is an American health and social psychologist. She is the inaugural Samuel and Liselotte Herman Professor of Social and Behavioral Sciences at the Yale School of Public Health and Professor of Psychology at the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences at Yale University. She was the Founding Chair of the Social and Behavioral Sciences at the Yale School of Public Health and Founding Director of Community Alliance for Research and Engagement (CARE). She served as the Dean of Faculty at Yale-NUS College in Singapore from 2018-2021.
The Shift-and-persist model has emerged in order to account for unintuitive,positive health outcomes in some individuals of low socioeconomic status. A large body of research has previously linked low socioeconomic status to poor physical and mental health outcomes,including early mortality. Low socioeconomic status is hypothesized to get “under the skin”by producing chronic activation of the sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis,which increases allostatic load,leading to the pathogenesis of chronic disease. However,some individuals of low socioeconomic status do not appear to experience the expected,negative health effects associated with growing up in poverty. To account for this,the Shift-and-Persist Model proposes that,as children,some individuals of low socioeconomic status learn adaptive strategies for regulating their emotions (“shifting”) and focusing on their goals (“persisting”) in the face of chronic adversity. According to this model,the use of shift-and-persist strategies diminishes the typical negative effects of adversity on health by leading to more adaptive biological,cognitive,and behavioral responses to daily stressors.
Margie E. Lachman is an American psychologist. She is the Minnie and Harold Fierman Professor of Psychology at Brandeis University,director of the Lifespan Developmental Psychology Lab and the director of the Boston Roybal Center for Active Lifestyle Interventions. She was editor of the Journal of Gerontology:Psychological Sciences (2000-2003),and has edited two volumes on midlife development. She is a fellow of the American Psychological Association,Division 20 and the Gerontological Society of America. Lachman's research is in the area of lifespan development with a focus on midlife and later life. Her current work is aimed at identifying psychosocial and behavioral factors that can protect against,minimize,or compensate for declines in cognition and health. She is conducting studies to examine long-term predictors of psychological and physical health,laboratory-based experiments to identify psychological and physiological processes involved in aging-related changes,especially in memory,and intervention studies to enhance performance and promote adaptive functioning through active engagement and physical activity.
Brendesha Marie Tynes is an American psychologist,and a Professor of Psychology and Education at the USC Rossier School of Education. Her research considers how young people engage with social media,and how this influences their socioeconomic and academic outcomes. Tynes is principal investigator on the Teen Life Online and in Schools Project,which studies race-related cyberbullying.
References
- ↑ "APA Distinguished Scientific Awards for an Early Career Contribution to Psychology". American Psychological Association. Retrieved 2019-11-14.
- ↑ "George A. Miller Award for an Outstanding Recent Article on General Psychology". American Psychological Association. Retrieved 2019-11-12.
- ↑ "Edith Chen: Department of Psychology - Northwestern University". www.psychology.northwestern.edu. Retrieved 2019-11-14.
- ↑ "Northwestern IPR Faculty Bio".
- ↑ "Northwestern Honors IPR Health Psychologists".
- ↑ "STEM Women on Fire".
- ↑ "Foundations of Health Research Center Current Research Projects".