Edward M. Barrows

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Edward M. Barrows (born August 8, 1946, in Detroit, Michigan) is a biologist who earned his BS in Botany and Zoology at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, in 1968, and his PhD in entomology, mentored by Charles Duncan Michener, at the University of Kansas, Lawrence in 1975. Further, he is a retired U.S. Army officer. He has had a lifetime interest in nature, science, and art. He performed research on bee nesting, predation, and reproductive behavior, for example, finding that female Lasioglossum zephyrus sweat bees have individual odors perceived by conspecific males. [1] This was evidently the first discovery of invertebrate individual odors, as opposed to group or nest odors. He later found that males of the Xylocopa virginica virginica (large carpenter bee) have highly complex mate searching and mate-acquisition behaviors, perhaps more complicated that any other bee species and many other animal species. [2] Students and he studied feeding behavior and recovery from injuries in Mimus polyglottos (northern mockingbirds). [3] [4] With students and established scientists, he studied or is studying arthropod community structure in a rare, freshwater, tidal, marsh, and associated habitats, [5] [6] [7] evolution of floral display in Asclepias syriaca (common milkweed), [8] parasitization and reproductive behavior of chalcidoid wasps, [9] [10] [11] [12] floral associates of rare plants, [13] and other topics. His research in scientific communication led to the book Animal Desk Reference, A Dictionary of Animal Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution (3rd edition). His current research laboratory, the Laboratory of Entomology and Biodiversity, is in the Heyden Observatory of Georgetown University.

He has written popular-style nature articles, for example, for The Kansas City Star and The Washington Star and The Echo (the Glen Echo, Maryland, town newsletter). In his popular-style book Nature, Gardens, and Georgetown (2006), he described biodiversity and changes in the natural environment at Georgetown University and nearby places.

At the college level, he taught animal behavior, botany, entomology, earth stewardship, forest ecology, history of life, and sociobiology at Georgetown University, University of Kansas, and University of Michigan. He has been a professor in the Department of Biology at Georgetown, since 1975, where he mentored many undergraduate senior-thesis students, MS, and PhD students.

His honors include being an honorary life-member of a premier conservation organization Friends of Dyke Marsh, a long-term research associate of the Smithsonian Institution, an Engelhard Teaching Fellow, a National Defense Education Act Fellow, an elected president of the Entomological Society of Washington, elected officer of the Glen Echo Heights Citizens' Association, an elected member of the Washington Biologists' Field Club (WBFC), and appointment as a member of the American Institute of Biological Sciences Council, and the Director of the Center for the Environment and the Director of Environmental Education at Georgetown University. He has been a biological consultant for the Air National Guard and the National Geographic Society. His students' and his research have been supported by the Friends of Dyke Marsh, Georgetown University, the National Park Service, the National Science Foundation, Sigma Xi, and the WBFC.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trophallaxis</span> Transfer of food between members of a community through stomodeal or proctodeal means

Trophallaxis is the transfer of food or other fluids among members of a community through mouth-to-mouth (stomodeal) or anus-to-mouth (proctodeal) feeding. Along with nutrients, trophallaxis can involve the transfer of molecules such as pheromones, organisms such as symbionts, and information to serve as a form of communication. Trophallaxis is used by some birds, gray wolves, vampire bats, and is most highly developed in eusocial insects such as ants, wasps, bees, and termites.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Behavioral ecology</span> Study of the evolutionary basis for animal behavior due to ecological pressures

Behavioral ecology, also spelled behavioural ecology, is the study of the evolutionary basis for animal behavior due to ecological pressures. Behavioral ecology emerged from ethology after Niko Tinbergen outlined four questions to address when studying animal behaviors: What are the proximate causes, ontogeny, survival value, and phylogeny of a behavior?

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carpenter bee</span> Common name for a genus of bees

Carpenter bees are species in the genus Xylocopa of the subfamily Xylocopinae. The genus includes some 500 bees in 31 subgenera. The common name "carpenter bee" derives from their nesting behavior; nearly all species burrow into hard plant material such as dead wood or bamboo. The main exceptions are species in the subgenus Proxylocopa, which dig nesting tunnels in suitable soil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apparent death</span> Behavior in which animals take on the appearance of being dead

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Euglossini</span> Tribe of bees

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern carpenter bee</span> Species of insect

Xylocopa virginica, sometimes referred to as the eastern carpenter bee, extends through the eastern United States and into Canada. They are sympatric with Xylocopa micans in much of southeastern United States. They nest in various types of wood and eat pollen and nectar. In X. virginica, dominant females do not focus solely on egg-laying, as in other bee species considered to have "queens". Instead, dominant X. virginica females are responsible for a full gamut of activities including reproduction, foraging, and nest construction, whereas subordinate bees may engage in little activity outside of guarding the nest.

<i>Nomada</i> Genus of bees

With over 850 species, the genus Nomada is one of the largest genera in the family Apidae, and the largest genus of cuckoo bees. Cuckoo bees are so named because they enter the nests of a host and lay eggs there, stealing resources that the host has already collected. The name "Nomada" is derived from the Greek word nomas, meaning "roaming" or "wandering."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oophagy</span>

Oophagy or ovophagy, literally "egg eating", is the practice of embryos feeding on eggs produced by the ovary while still inside the mother's uterus. The word oophagy is formed from the classical Greek ᾠόν and classical Greek φᾱγεῖν. In contrast, adelphophagy is the cannibalism of a multi-celled embryo.

<i>Nasonia vitripennis</i> Species of insect

Nasonia vitripennis is one of four known species under the genus Nasonia - small parasitoid wasps that afflict the larvae of parasitic carrion flies such as blowflies and flesh flies, which themselves are parasitic toward nestling birds. It is the best known and most widely studied of the parasitoid wasps, and their study forms a vital part of the information used to describe the order Hymenoptera, along with information from bees and ants. This parasitoid behaviour makes the wasps an interest for the development of biopesticide and biological systems for controlling unwanted insects.

<i>Eulaema</i> Genus of bees

Eulaema is a genus of large-bodied euglossine bees that occur primarily in the Neotropics. They are robust brown or black bees, hairy or velvety, and often striped with yellow or orange, typically resembling bumblebees. They lack metallic coloration as occurs in the related genus Eufriesea.

<i>Xylocopa sonorina</i> Species of bee

Xylocopa sonorina, the valley carpenter bee or Hawaiian carpenter bee, is a species of carpenter bee found from western Texas to northern California, and the eastern Pacific islands. Females are black while males are golden-brown with green eyes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">California carpenter bee</span> Species of bee

The California carpenter bee, Xylocopa californica, is a species of carpenter bee in the order Hymenoptera, and it is native to western North America.

<i>Lasioglossum zephyrus</i> Species of bee

Lasioglossum zephyrus is a sweat bee of the family Halictidae, found in the U.S. and Canada. It appears in the literature primarily under the misspelling "zephyrum". It is considered a primitively eusocial bee, although it may be facultatively solitary. The species nests in burrows in the soil.

<i>Eucera</i> Genus of bees

Eucera is a genus of bees in the family Apidae, which comprises more than 100 species. These bees are commonly known as long-horned bees due to their characteristically long antennae, especially in males. Eucera species can be found in diverse habitats, including meadows, fields, and urban gardens, primarily in the Palearctic and Nearctic regions, covering parts of Europe, Asia, North Africa, and North America.

<i>Xylocopa sulcatipes</i> Species of bee

Xylocopa sulcatipes is a large Arabian carpenter bee. These multivoltine bees take part in social nesting and cooperative nesting. They are metasocial carpenter bees that nest in thin dead branches. One or more cooperating females build many brood cells. They have been extensively studied in Saudi Arabia and Israel.

<i>Xylocopa pubescens</i> Species of carpenter bee

Xylocopa pubescens is a species of large carpenter bee. Females form nests by excavation with their mandibles, often in dead or soft wood. X. pubescens is commonly found in areas extending from India to Northeast and West Africa. It must reside in these warm climates because it requires a minimum ambient temperature of 18 °C (64 °F) in order to forage.

<i>Augochlora pura</i> Species of insect

Augochlora pura is a solitary sweat bee found primarily in the Eastern United States. It is known for its bright green color and its tendency to forage on a variety of plants. Inhabiting rotting logs, this bee can produce up to three generations per year. Both males and females have been observed licking sweat from human skin, most likely seeking salt

<i>Xylocopa micans</i> Species of bee

Xylocopa micans, also known as the southern carpenter bee, is a species of bee within Xylocopa, the genus of carpenter bees. The southern carpenter bee can be found mainly in the coastal and gulf regions of the southeastern United States, as well as Mexico and Guatemala. Like all Xylocopa bees, X. micans bees excavate nests in woody plant material. However, unlike its sympatric species Xylocopa virginica, X. micans has not been found to construct nest galleries in structural timbers of building, making it less of an economic nuisance to humans. Carpenter bees have a wide range of mating strategies between different species. The southern carpenter bee exhibits a polymorphic mating strategy, with its preferred method of mating changing as the season progresses from early spring to mid summer. Like most bees in its genus, the southern carpenter bee is considered a solitary bee because it does not live in colonies.

<i>Xenox tigrinus</i> Species of fly

The tiger bee fly, Xenox tigrinus, is an insect of the family Bombyliidae found in the eastern United States and southern Ontario. It formerly went by the name Anthrax tigrinus. The distinctive wing pattern may resemble tiger stripes, giving the tiger bee fly its name. Like other members of the bee fly family, the tiger bee fly parasitizes the larvae of other insects.

George Bunker Chapman was a professor and a pioneer in research of cell biology and ultrastructure using transmission-light and transmission electron microscopy. He was the first person to see the interior structure of four bacterium species in electron micrographs he produced, described in his Ph.D. dissertation completed in 1953. As a professor, he changed the lives of hundreds of students, colleagues, and others through his mentorship.

References

  1. ↑ Barrows, E. M.; Bell, W. J. & Michener, C. D. (July 1975). "Individual odor differences and their social functions in insects". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 72 (7): 2824–2828. Bibcode:1975PNAS...72.2824B. doi: 10.1073/pnas.72.7.2824 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   432864 . PMID   1058498.
  2. ↑ Barrows, E. M. (1983). "Male territoriality in the carpenter bee Xylocopa virginica virginica". Animal Behaviour. 31 (3): 806–813. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(83)80237-1. ISSN   0003-3472. S2CID   53178858.
  3. ↑ Barrows, E. M.; Acquavella, A. P.; Weinstein, J. P. S. & Nosal, R. E. (1980). "Response to novel food in captive, juvenile mockingbirds". Wilson Bulletin. 92: 339–402. ISSN   0043-5643.
  4. ↑ Barrows, E. M. (1978). "Behavioural changes during recovery from injury in captive, juvenile mockingbirds". Avicultural Magazine. 84: 191–197.
  5. ↑ Kjar, D. S. & Barrows, E. M. (2004). "Arthropod community heterogeneity in a Mid-Atlantic forest highly invaded by alien organisms". Banisteria. 24: 26–37. ISSN   1066-0712. (About Dyke Marsh Wildlife Preserve, VA)
  6. ↑ Barrows, E. M.; Mcintyre, A. M. & Flint, O. S. Jr. (2005). "Alderfly (Neuroptera: Sialidae) flight periods, sex ratios, and habitat use in a Virginia freshwater tidal marsh, low forest, and their ecotones". Proceedings of the Washington Entomological Society. 107: 693–699. ISSN   0013-8797.
  7. ↑ Barrows, E. M. & Smith, D. R. (September 2014). "Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) of three Mid-Atlantic parks in the George Washington Memorial Parkway, USA". Journal of Hymenoptera Research. 39: 17–31. doi: 10.3897/JHR.39.7907 . ISSN   1070-9428.
  8. ↑ Howard, A. F. & Barrows, E. M. (June 2014). "Self-pollination rate and floral-display size in Asclepias syriaca (Common Milkweed) with regard to floral-visitor taxa". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 144. Bibcode:2014BMCEE..14..144H. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-14-144 . ISSN   1471-2148. PMC   4080991 . PMID   24958132.
  9. ↑ Boyle, H. & Barrows, E. M. (1978). "Oviposition and host feeding behavior of Aphelinus asychis (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Aphelinidae) on Schizaphis graminum (Homoptera: Aphidae) and some reactions of aphids to this parasite". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 80: 441–455. ISSN   0013-8797.
  10. ↑ Barrows, E. M. & Hooker, M. E. (1981). "Parasitization of Mexican bean beetles in urban vegetable gardens". Environmental Entomology. 10: 782–786. doi:10.1093/ee/10.5.782. ISSN   0046-225X.
  11. ↑ Tsai, Yi-Jiun J.; Barrows, E. M. & Weiss, M. R. (August 2014). "Pure self-assessment of size During male-male contests in the parasitoid wWasp Nasonia vitripennis". Ethology. 120 (8): 816–824. Bibcode:2014Ethol.120..816T. doi:10.1111/eth.12254. ISSN   0014-1828.
  12. ↑ Tsai, Yi-Jiun J.; Barrows, E. M. & Weiss, M. R. (May 2014). "Why do larger and older males win contests in the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis?". Animal Behaviour. 91: 150–158. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.03.010. ISSN   0003-3472. S2CID   53171325.
  13. ↑ Barrows, E. M.; Howard, A. F. & Steury, B. W. (2012). "Fruit production and phenology of Phacelia covillei S. Watson (Hydrophyllaceae) in the Potomac Gorge area of Maryland and Virginia". Marilandica. 3 (1): 10–16. OCLC   59759744.
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