El Conde is an archeological site located at Ozumba Street, El Conde, three block north the Mayo 1 Ave., in the municipality of Naucalpan,[1] Mexico State.
The site was formally declared a prehispanic historical monument on December 28, 2001.[2]
History
The Valley of Mexico, of which Naucalpan is part of, was inhabited by humans for over 20,000 years.[3]
Naucalpan's history begins with a group from the Tlatilco culture[4] It settled the banks of the “Río Hondo” between 1700 and 600 BCE,[5] in the area of the current Naucalpan municipality.
Tlatilco archaeological evidence reveal the social development of that culture, prior to the Teotihuacan, Toltec, Chichimeca, and certainly the Aztec.[3] In the Mesoamerican Preclassical period (1300 to 1400 BCE), an Olmec group arrived and had a significant influence on the Tlatilca domain. Later, the Tlatilca were also heavily influenced by the Teotihuacan civilization. Between 1000 and 1200 CE, the Chichimeca conquered the Tlatilca and deposed their monarchy. The pyramid of El Conde was built during this time, located in what is now the El Conde neighborhood.[3][6]
Subsequently, the area was ruled by Tlacopan[7] and ethnically came to be dominated by the Otomies.[8] As of 1428 CE, the area was under Tepanec from Azcapotzalco domain, which was later conquered by the Triple Alliance, who named them Naucalpan.[3][6]
Cultures influencing El Conde
Naucalpan is a Nahuatl name; some authors interpret its meaning as "the place of the four quarters" or "in the four quarters", but according to the etymological roots means "in four houses". Phonetic components are: Nau, grammatical contraction of nahui, means "four"; "cal derived calli, which means "House" and not "quarter" and pan, it should be interpreted, in this case, as "on" or "place": "in four houses" or “place of four houses".[3]
Tlatilco Culture
The Tlatilca civilization –as called by later Nahuatl speaking groups- was a high population center in the early Preclassical period. The Tlatilco population reached the lands of current Naucalpan between 1700 and 600 BCE. Around 1400 BCE, the área had a large influence and presence of Otomí groups, and was called Otocampulco (Place of the Otomi).
In Naucalpan, ancient “tlatilquenses” from the “Cerro Tepalcate” were attracted by the Teotihuacan development stream.[3]
Chichimec Culture
It arrived at the place between 1000 and 1200 CE, and settled near where the Aztecs would later build (Postclassical) the structure known today as El Conde.
Tepanec Culture
In 1428 the territory was claimed by Azcapotzalco tepanecs, but after being defeated by the Triple Alliance (Mexico), the territory was ceded to the TlacopanAltepetl, who later called the place Tacuba.[3]
The Site
El Conde - main structureEl Conde – external foundations
The original name is unknown, El Conde retains this name since the 19th century, when a person by the name Manuel Conde lived atop the hill, so the place is known since as " Cerrito El Conde".[1]
The site was discovered in 1907 by archaeologist Manuel Gamio, and established that the site was constructed during the Postclassical Period.
The El Conde pyramid, is an over 2,00m sq.mt., structure.[9]
The archaeological site comprises a rectangular platform, during prehispanic times a tecpan or nobility Palace was built. Apparently, the structure corresponds to Aztec phase III.
The structure is one of the last examples of civil architecture from the late Postclassical. The front is a stairway and some embedded rooms that apparently at that time were very common for this type of buildings. Its layout is similar to those drawn in codices as the Quinantzin map, showing the Netzahualcoyotl Palace.
The tecpan was one of the most important buildings on mesoamerican communities, because they served as government seats, where administrative activities and meetings of local councils took place, where political decisions were taken.
↑ Nahuatl name that means "hidden on the ground ". The name was assigned by Nahuatlaca peoples, being that when the Nahuatlacas arrived at the Valley of Mexico, the Tlatilco culture had already disappeared. It is believed that the city was dominated (or strongly influenced) by the Olmecs (the first great Mesoamerican Culture).
↑ Dates from Diehl (2004), Bradley and Joralemon (1993). Were calculated by Radiocarbon dating. According to Pool (2007: 7), the Tlatilco culture developed between 1450 and 900 BCE.
1 2 "Historia"[Naucalpan History] (in Spanish). Municipio de Naucalpan.
↑ Tlacopan or Tacuba, means "Plant ornament on flat land" in Nahuatl.
↑ Ethnic groups related to the Mazahua, Matlatzinca, Pame, Jonaz. The Otomi are an indigenous people of central Mexico. Linguistically related to the Otomi language, an Otopamean language family, their ancestors settled the Mexican plateau several millennia before the Christian era
Nezahualcoyotl was a scholar, philosopher (tlamatini), warrior, architect, poet and ruler (tlatoani) of the city-state of Texcoco in pre-Columbian era Mexico. Unlike other high-profile Mexican figures from the century preceding Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, Nezahualcoyotl was not fully Mexica; his father's people were the Acolhua, another Nahuan people settled in the eastern part of the Valley of Mexico, on the coast of Lake Texcoco. His mother, however, was the sister of Chimalpopoca, the Mexica king of Tenochtitlan.
Mesoamerican chronology divides the history of prehispanic Mesoamerica into several periods: the Paleo-Indian ; the Archaic, the Preclassic or Formative (2500 BCE – 250 CE), the Classic (250–900 CE), and the Postclassic (900–1521 CE); as well as the post European contact Colonial Period (1521–1821), and Postcolonial, or the period after independence from Spain (1821–present).
Itzcoatl (1380–1440) was the fourth king of Tenochtitlan, and the founder of the Aztec Empire, ruling from 1427 to 1440. Under Itzcoatl the Mexica of Tenochtitlan threw off the domination of the Tepanecs and established the Triple Alliance together with the other city-states Tetzcoco and Tlacopan.
Mesoamerican languages are the languages indigenous to the Mesoamerican cultural area, which covers southern Mexico, all of Guatemala and Belize and parts of Honduras and El Salvador and Nicaragua. The area is characterized by extensive linguistic diversity containing several hundred different languages and seven major language families. Mesoamerica is also an area of high linguistic diffusion in that long-term interaction among speakers of different languages through several millennia has resulted in the convergence of certain linguistic traits across disparate language families. The Mesoamerican sprachbund is commonly referred to as the Mesoamerican Linguistic Area.
Naucalpan, officially Naucalpan de Juárez, is one of 125 municipalities located just northwest of Mexico City in the adjoining State of Mexico. The municipal seat is the city of Naucalpan de Juárez, which extends into the neighboring municipality of Huixquilucan.
The Otomi are an indigenous people of Mexico inhabiting the central Mexican Plateau (Altiplano) region.
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The Acolhua are a Mesoamerican people who arrived in the Valley of Mexico in or around the year 1200 CE. The Acolhua were a sister culture of the Aztecs as well as the Tepanec, Chalca, Xochimilca and others.
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