The Katipunan, officially known as the Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan and abbreviated as the KKK, was a revolutionary organization founded in 1892 by a group of Filipino nationalists Deodato Arellano, Andrés Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz, Ladislao Diwa, José Dizon, and Teodoro Plata. Its primary objective was achieving independence from the Spanish Empire through an armed revolution. It was formed as a secret society before its eventual discovery by Spanish authorities in August 1896. This discovery led to the start of the Philippine Revolution.
The Philippine Independent Church, officially referred to by its Philippine Spanish name Iglesia Filipina Independiente (IFI) and colloquially called the Aglipayan Church, is an independent Christian denomination, in the form of a nationalist church, in the Philippines. Its revolutionary nationalist schism from the Roman Catholic Church was proclaimed during the American colonial period in 1902, following the end of the Philippine–American War, by members of the country's first labor union federation, the Unión Obrera Democrática Filipina, as a response to the pronounced mistreatment of Filipinos by Spanish priests and partly influenced by the unjust executions of José Rizal and Filipino priests and prominent secularization movement figures Mariano Gomez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, during earlier Spanish colonial rule when Roman Catholicism was the state religion in the country.
Isabelo de los Reyes Sr. y Florentino, also known as Don Belong, was a prominent Filipino patriot, politician, writer, journalist, and labor activist in the 19th and 20th centuries. He was the original founder and proclaimer of the Iglesia Filipina Independiente, the first-ever Filipino independent Christian Church in history in the form of a nationalist church, which was proclaimed in 1902. He was also the founder and first president of the first-ever labor union federation in the Philippines, the Unión Obrera Democrática. He is popularly known today as the "Father of Philippine Folklore", the "Father of the Philippine Labor Movement", and the "Father of Filipino Socialism".
Leona Josefa Florentino was a Filipina foundational poet, dramatist, satirist, and playwright who wrote and poetically spoke in Ilocano, her mother tongue, and Spanish, the lingua franca of her era. She is considered as the "mother of Philippine women's literature", serving as the "bridge from oral to literary tradition"; and as a pioneer in Philippine lesbian literature.
Ilocano literature or Iloko literature pertains to the literary works of writers of Ilocano ancestry regardless of the language used - be it Ilocano, English, Spanish or other foreign and Philippine languages. For writers of the Ilocano language, the terms "Iloko" and "Ilocano" are different. Arbitrarily, "Iloko" is the language while "Ilocano" refers to the people or the ethnicity of the people who speak the Iloko language. This distinction of terms however is impractical since a lot of native Ilocanos interchange them practically.
Epifanio de los Santos y Cristóbal, also known as Don Pañong or Don Panyong, was a notable Filipino historian, journalist, and civil servant. He was regarded as one of the best Filipino writers and a literary genius. He also entered politics, serving as a member of the Malolos Congress from 1898 to 1899 from Nueva Ecija and later as governor of Nueva Ecija from 1902 to 1906. As a lawyer, he was named as the district attorney of San Isidro, Nueva Ecija in 1900 and later as fiscal of the provinces of Bulacan and Bataan. He was named as an assistant technical director of the Philippine Census in 1918. He was appointed Director of the Philippine Library and Museum by Governor General Leonard Wood in 1925, serving until his death in 1928.
Philippine literature in Spanish is a body of literature made by Filipino writers in the Spanish language. Today, this corpus is the third largest in the whole corpus of Philippine literature. It is slightly larger than the Philippine literature in the vernacular languages. However, because of the very few additions to it in the past 30 years, it is expected that the former will soon overtake its rank.
José Palma y Velásquez was a Filipino poet and soldier. He was on the staff of La independencia at the time he wrote "Filipinas", a patriotic poem in Spanish. It was published for the first time in the issue of the first anniversary of La independencia on September 3, 1899. The poem fit the instrumental tune "Marcha Nacional Filipina" by Julián Felipe, and it has since been the basis for every translation of the Philippine National Anthem.
Marcelo Hilario del Pilar y Gatmaitán, commonly known as Marcelo H. del Pilar and also known by his nom de plumePláridel, was a Filipino writer, lawyer, journalist, and freemason. Del Pilar, along with José Rizal and Graciano López Jaena, became known as the leaders of the Reform Movement in Spain.
La Solidaridad was an organization created in Spain on December 13, 1888. Composed of Filipino liberals exiled in 1872 and students attending Europe's universities, the organization aimed to increase Spanish awareness of the needs of its colony, the Philippines, and to propagate a closer relationship between the Philippines and Spain.
The Unión Obrera Democrática Filipina was a national trade union center in the Philippines. The organization was considered as the first-ever modern trade union federation in the history of the country, composed of unions from various labor industries; earlier and prior labor groups had been more of mutual aid societies and guilds. The organization had thirty-three affiliated trade unions as of 1902. In 1903, the organization counted 150 affiliated unions, with around 20,000 members in the Manila area. At its peak, the Union Obrera Democratica had approximately 150,000 members in eight provinces of Luzon. Its members were also the very first members of the Philippine Independent Church when it was proclaimed in 1902.
Diario de Manila was a Spanish language newspaper published in the Philippines, founded on October 11, 1848, and closed down by official decree on February 19, 1898, after the colonial authorities discovered that its installations were being used to print revolutionary material. The paper was edited by Felipe del Pan and published by Ramírez y Compañía, whose headquarters were in Intramuros, Manila, and its business and editorial offices in Binondo.
La Ilustración Filipina was a Spanish-language newspaper published in Manila, Philippines, that ran during the last decade of the Spanish colonial period, and at times during the Philippine Revolution and the beginning of the 20th century under U.S. rule.
Iñigo Corcuera Regalado was a Filipino poet, printer, journalist, editor, playwright, lyricist, and songwriter of Tagalog descent. He used the pen name Odalager or Odalaguer, Igini, and Gaolerad, another pseudonym derived from the letters of Regalado's surname.
Philippines–Spain relations are the relations between the Philippines and Spain. The relations between the two nations span from the 16th century, the Philippines was the lone colony of the Spanish Empire in Asia for more than three centuries. Both nations are members of the Association of Academies of the Spanish Language and the United Nations.
Dominador Gómez was a Filipino ilustrado nationalist, physician, writer, legislator, and a labor leader.
Vocabulario de la lengua tagala was the first dictionary of the Tagalog language in the Philippines, It was written by the Franciscan friar Pedro de San Buena Ventura and published in Pila, Laguna, in 1613. Juan de Plasencia had written a vocabulario earlier but it was not printed. More than a century later, a dictionary of the same name was prepared by Jesuit priests Juan de Noceda and Pedro de Sanlucar; their first edition was published in Manila in 1754 and then the second in 1860, which was reissued by the Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino in 2013.
El Renacimiento was a Spanish–Tagalog bilingual language newspaper. Spanish articles were published under El Renacimiento, while Tagalog articles were published under Muling Pagsilang. It was printed in Manila until the 1940s by the members of the Guerrero de Ermita family.
The Republican Party was a political party in the Philippines. It was founded by labour activist and writer Isabelo de los Reyes, whose leadership was shortly turned over to Gregorio Aglipay, the first Supreme Bishop of the Philippine Independent Church. Isabelo de los Reyes founded the party in 1905, with Gregorio Aglipay taking over the leadership shortly thereafter. Both were members of the Philippine Independent Church. The party was subsequently banned by the United States Insular Government after the 1907 elections. In the first ever nationwide at-large election held in the Philippines, the 1935 presidential election, Aglipay revived the Republican Party and was the last presidential candidate to announce his candidacy. The party was supported by the Coalition of the Oppressed Masses. This coalition originally included Emilio Aguinaldo and his National Socialist Party, but Aguinaldo split from the party and launched his own presidential campaign. Aglipay's party had connections with labor unions in Manila.
Anarchism in the Philippines has its roots in the anti-colonial struggle against the Spanish Empire, becoming influential in the Philippine Revolution and the country's early trade unionist movement. After being supplanted by Marxism-Leninism as the leading revolutionary tendency during the mid-20th century, it experienced a resurgence as part of the punk subculture, following the fragmentation of the Communist Party of the Philippines.
