Elaine Bearer

Last updated
Elaine L. Bearer
Elaine Bearer.jpg
Born
Elaine Louise Bearer

Morristown, New Jersey, U.S.A.
Nationality American
Alma mater Manhattan School of Music (BM)
New York University (MA)
UCSF (MD PhD)
Scientific career
Fields
Institutions University of New Mexico,
California Institute of Technology,
Marine Biological Laboratory
Theses
  • Structural Innovations in the String Quartets of Haydn(Master's thesis, NYU)
  • Anionic Lipid Domains in Cell Membranes(PhD thesis, UCSF)
Doctoral advisor Daniel S. Friend
Other academic advisorsJan LaRue, Lelio Orci, Bruce Alberts, Charlie Epstein
Website pathology.unm.edu/faculty/faculty/ebearer.html

Elaine L. Bearer is an American neuroscientist, pathologist, and composer.

Contents

Education

Bearer received her Bachelor's of Music from The Manhattan School of Music in Theory, June 1970. She received the Masters of Art from New York University, where her thesis was Structural Innovation in the String Quartets of Haydn. Prior to studies at The Manhattan School, Bearer was a pupil of Nadia Boulanger, first at the Ecole Americaine des Beaux Arts in Fontainebleau and continuing in Boulanger's home on Rue Ballu in Paris. [1] She received the combined MD-PhD degree from University of California San Francisco (UCSF). [2]

Career

After a one-year post-doctoral fellowship with Lelio Orci in Geneva, Bearer returned to UCSF for residency and fellowship training—clinically in Pathology and Medical Genetics with Charlie Epstein, and scientifically in Biochemistry and Biophysics with Bruce Alberts. [3] She was recruited to a tenure track position at Brown University in 1991 and rose in the ranks to full professorship. In 2009 University of New Mexico recruited her to an endowed tenured professorship and as Vice Chair for Research. [4]

Scientific contributions

Bearer studied neurophysiology in John G. Nicholl's lab at Stanford University. Bearer's early scientific contributions as a graduate student include the first ultrastructural imaging of lipid rafts in cell membranes that mediate neuronal signaling (Bearer and Friend, J. Cell Biol., 1982); then as a post-doc the first ultrastructural imaging of endothelial fenestral diaphragms that allow transport of solutes between blood and tissue (Bearer and Orci, J. Cell Biol., 1985), [5] and the first biochemical discovery of Arp2 and 2E4/kaptin, proteins that regulate actin dynamics in neurons (Bearer, 1992) [6] and platelets. [7] While a Principal Investigator in her own lab at Brown University, Bearer discovered that these proteins, initially identified while Bearer was a post-doc at UCSF, turned out to be major regulatory components of the length of stereocilia in the hearing apparatus of the inner ear. [8]

Bearer turned to brain-wide imaging by magnetic resonance imaging in living animals over time during a sabbatical from Brown to Caltech in 2004–2005. This new venture resulted in multiple contributions since 2007 include imaging of the brain in living mouse models of human neuropsychological disorders, such as Down syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, [9] fear to anxiety transitions, viral infections of the brain, and drugs of abuse. [10] Together with collaborator Russell E. Jacobs, Bearer developed and deployed longitudinal manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) coupled with behavior, transgenic mouse models, biochemistry, and optical microscopy to explore brain-wide responses to experience and disease over time. [11] [12]

Since 2009, Bearer has been the Harvey Family Professor in Pathology at University of New Mexico, [13] a visitor at California Institute of Technology, and an Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. [14] [2] [15] Bearer is also a fellow of the College of American Pathologists.

In 2019 The Manhattan School awarded Bearer the Distinguished Alumni Award, [16] and in 2020, she received a Campaign Alumni Award for "most audacious" [17] from University of California, San Francisco. In 2021 she has been bestowed with an honorary professorship from The Strømstadt Akademi, in Sweden, [18] a Nordic Academy for Advanced Studies. Her newly composed string quartet premiered at the award ceremony. [18]

Research details

Bearer's research began with studies of membrane dynamics involved in synaptic transmitter release. [19] She developed imaging labels for anionic lipids and made the earliest observations of membrane lipid rafts. [20] and the protein biochemistry of actin modulators [21] [22] During this investigation, she identified proteins that drive filament formation [23] [24] [25] [26] and mapped one, kaptin/2E4, [7] on human chromosome 19. [27] This work revealed that mutations in the promoter region of kaptin/2E4 lead to inherited deafness.

Using herpes simplex virus (HSV) as a tool and the squid giant axon as a model, [28] her lab then discovered that amyloid precursor protein (AAP), whose proteolytic product Abeta is the major component of Alzheimer's plaques, recruited cytoskeletal motors to cargo for intracellualr transport within axons. [29] Live video recording of green-labeled HSV and red-labeled APP and high resolution immunogold electronmicroscopy demonstrated that intracellular HSV viral particles interact with cellular APP. [30] Her work on HSV has led towards understanding the HSV-APP connections and its role in Alzheimer's disease. [31] [32] [33]

In 2004, Bearer began developing magnetic resonance imaging with Russell E. Jacobs, John D. Roberts, and Scott E. Fraser for live imaging of circuitry in mouse models of human neurological and psychiatric disorders. Bearer and Jacobs developed manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) of neural connections and brain activity in transgenic mouse models of human disorders. [34] [35] [36] From 2006 until 2021, Bearer and Jacobs co-authored 15 publications using MEMRI to discover alterations in hippocampal and forebrain projections. [37]

Science Publishing

Bearer assumed Editor in Chief for Biology of Natural Sciences (June 2023), a new interdisciplinary open access journal published by Wiley, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/26986248. She invites and commissions manuscripts in the field of Biology coupled with chemistry and/or physics. Particular interests are in MR imaging of brain in small animals for preclinical discovery and in computational image analyses, especially unbiased, comprehensive approaches with hypothesis-driven validations. Manuscripts describing processes or results investigating the behavior-brain continuum will be especially attractive.

Music

Bearer is a composer, who has had performances annually of new compositions. [38] While at Brown University from 1991 to 2009, she was a professor in both Biology and Medicine and in Music, [15] and she holds a secondary appointment in the Music Department at University of New Mexico. Her piano concerto, Ode to the White Crown Sparrow, was premiered by Tyler Lincoln and the Symphony of the Redwoods; [39] Ah-tosh-mit Overture for orchestra was commissioned for the 125th anniversary of University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), and performed by the UCSF Symphony under the baton of Jonathan Davis; [40] the Magdalene Passion, an hour-long oratorio for five soloists, chorus, organ and chamber orchestra, was commissioned by the Providence Singers [41] and premiered by Julian Wachner, [42] conductor; Ultrasonic, a symphonic tone poem, was commissioned and performed by St Mathew's Music Guild in Pacific Palisades under the direction of Tom Neenan [43] and multiple choral works with various instrumental accompaniments have been performed by the Pasadena Promusica led by Stephen Grimm. [44] In March 2018, Pasadena Promusica premiered Bearer's L'alma rapita for chorus and string quartet inspired by Carlo Gesualdo, the 16-17th century madrigalist. [45] This piece will be performed by Meritage, conducted by Brian Dehn, in Orange County, CA in June 2024.

Bearer's piece for solo flute with interactive video projections, Density silver water, was performed as part of the John Donald Robb Composer's Showcase [46] in New Mexico by Jesse Tatum [47] with video projections by John B Carpenter in March 2018; [48] and The Replication Machine, for viola-clarinet duo with readings and audience participation was presented to Bruce M. Alberts [49] for his birthday at the Metropolitan Club in San Francisco in April 2018.

A CD of Bearer's music was issued by Albany Records. [50] The score of her Nicholls Trio, written as a tribute to John Graham Nicholls , is published by Hildegaard Publishing Company. [51]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Axonal transport</span> Movement of organelles

Axonal transport, also called axoplasmic transport or axoplasmic flow, is a cellular process responsible for movement of mitochondria, lipids, synaptic vesicles, proteins, and other organelles to and from a neuron's cell body, through the cytoplasm of its axon called the axoplasm. Since some axons are on the order of meters long, neurons cannot rely on diffusion to carry products of the nucleus and organelles to the end of their axons. Axonal transport is also responsible for moving molecules destined for degradation from the axon back to the cell body, where they are broken down by lysosomes.

Virus latency is the ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell, denoted as the lysogenic part of the viral life cycle. A latent viral infection is a type of persistent viral infection which is distinguished from a chronic viral infection. Latency is the phase in certain viruses' life cycles in which, after initial infection, proliferation of virus particles ceases. However, the viral genome is not eradicated. The virus can reactivate and begin producing large amounts of viral progeny without the host becoming reinfected by new outside virus, and stays within the host indefinitely.

<i>Herpesviridae</i> Family of DNA viruses

Herpesviridae is a large family of DNA viruses that cause infections and certain diseases in animals, including humans. The members of this family are also known as herpesviruses. The family name is derived from the Greek word ἕρπειν, referring to spreading cutaneous lesions, usually involving blisters, seen in flares of herpes simplex 1, herpes simplex 2 and herpes zoster (shingles). In 1971, the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) established Herpesvirus as a genus with 23 viruses among four groups. As of 2020, 115 species are recognized, all but one of which are in one of the three subfamilies. Herpesviruses can cause both latent and lytic infections.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HHV Infected Cell Polypeptide 0</span> Protein

Human Herpes Virus (HHV) Infected Cell Polypeptide 0 (ICP0) is a protein, encoded by the DNA of herpes viruses. It is produced by herpes viruses during the earliest stage of infection, when the virus has recently entered the host cell; this stage is known as the immediate-early or α ("alpha") phase of viral gene expression. During these early stages of infection, ICP0 protein is synthesized and transported to the nucleus of the infected host cell. Here, ICP0 promotes transcription from viral genes, disrupts structures in the nucleus known as nuclear dots or promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies, and alters the expression of host and viral genes in combination with a neuron specific protein. At later stages of cellular infection, ICP0 relocates to the cell cytoplasm to be incorporated into new virion particles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Herpes simplex virus</span> Species of virus

Herpes simplex virus1 and 2, also known by their taxonomic names Human alphaherpesvirus 1 and Human alphaherpesvirus 2, are two members of the human Herpesviridae family, a set of viruses that produce viral infections in the majority of humans. Both HSV-1 and HSV-2 are very common and contagious. They can be spread when an infected person begins shedding the virus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Poliovirus receptor-related 1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Poliovirus receptor-related 1 (PVRL1), also known as nectin-1 and CD111 (formerly herpesvirus entry mediator C, HVEC) is a human protein of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF), also considered a member of the nectins. It is a membrane protein with three extracellular immunoglobulin domains, a single transmembrane helix and a cytoplasmic tail. The protein can mediate Ca2+-independent cellular adhesion further characterizing it as IgSF cell adhesion molecule (IgSF CAM).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CREB3</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CREB3 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kaptin (actin binding protein)</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Kaptin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KPTN gene.

In neuroscience, anterograde tracing is a research method that is used to trace axonal projections from their source to their point of termination. A hallmark of anterograde tracing is the labeling of the presynaptic and the postsynaptic neuron(s). The crossing of the synaptic cleft is a vital difference between the anterograde tracers and the dye fillers used for morphological reconstruction. The complementary technique is retrograde tracing, which is used to trace neural connections from their termination to their source. Both the anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques are based on the visualization of the biological process of axonal transport.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Herpes</span> Viral disease caused by herpes simplex viruses

Herpes simplex, often known simply as herpes, is a viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus. Herpes infections are categorized by the area of the body that is infected. The two major types of herpes are oral herpes and genital herpes, though other forms also exist.

Neonatal herpes simplex, or simply neonatal herpes, is a herpes infection in a newborn baby caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), mostly as a result of vertical transmission of the HSV from an affected mother to her baby. Types include skin, eye, and mouth herpes (SEM), disseminated herpes (DIS), and central nervous system herpes (CNS). Depending on the type, symptoms vary from a fever to small blisters, irritability, low body temperature, lethargy, breathing difficulty, and a large abdomen due to ascites or large liver. There may be red streaming eyes or no symptoms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Herpes meningitis</span> Medical condition

Herpes meningitis is inflammation of the meninges, the protective tissues surrounding the spinal cord and brain, due to infection from viruses of the Herpesviridae family - the most common amongst adults is HSV-2. Symptoms are self-limiting over 2 weeks with severe headache, nausea, vomiting, neck-stiffness, and photophobia. Herpes meningitis can cause Mollaret's meningitis, a form of recurrent meningitis. Lumbar puncture with cerebrospinal fluid results demonstrating aseptic meningitis pattern is necessary for diagnosis and polymerase chain reaction is used to detect viral presence. Although symptoms are self-limiting, treatment with antiviral medication may be recommended to prevent progression to Herpes Meningoencephalitis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Herpes simplex encephalitis</span> Encephalitis associated with herpes simplex virus

Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), or simply herpes encephalitis, is encephalitis due to herpes simplex virus. It is estimated to affect at least 1 in 500,000 individuals per year, and some studies suggest an incidence rate of 5.9 cases per 100,000 live births.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cold sore</span> Herpes simplex virus infection of the lip

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Herpesvirus glycoprotein B</span> Viral glycoprotein

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oncolytic herpes virus</span>

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David Mahan Knipe is the Higgins Professor of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics in the Department of Microbiology at the Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts and co-chief editor of the reference book Fields Virology. He returned to the Chair of the Program in Virology at Harvard Medical School in 2019, having previously held the position from 2004 through 2016 and served as interim Co-Chair of the Microbiology and Immunobiology Department from 2016 through 2018.

<i>Human alphaherpesvirus 1</i> Species of virus

Human alphaherpesvirus 1 or Herpes simplex virus 1 is a species of virus in the genus Simplexvirus, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, family Herpesviridae, and order Herpesvirales.

Patricia Gail Spear is an American virologist. She is a professor emeritus of microbiology and immunology at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. She is best known for her pioneering work studying the herpes simplex virus. Spear is a past president of the American Society for Virology and an elected member of the National Academy of Sciences.

References

  1. ↑ "2019 Elaine Bearer, Manhattan School of Music Distinguished Alumni Award". YouTube . October 17, 2019.
  2. 1 2 "Elaine Bearer". unm.edu. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  3. ↑ "Bearer Research & Scholarly Projects: Basal activity in WT brain by MEMRI". University of New Mexico.
  4. ↑ "Department of Pathology | The University of New Mexico". pathology.unm.edu. Retrieved 2018-09-12.
  5. ↑ Bearer, E. L.; Orci, L. (1985). "Endothelial fenestral diaphragms: a quick-freeze, deep-etch study". The Journal of Cell Biology. 100 (2): 418–428. doi:10.1083/jcb.100.2.418. ISSN   0021-9525. PMC   2113429 . PMID   3968170.
  6. ↑ Bearer, E. L. (March 1992). "An Actin-associated Protein Present in the Microtubule Organizing Center and the Growth Cones of PC-12 Cells". The Journal of Neuroscience. 12 (3): 750–761. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.12-03-00750.1992. PMC   3376081 . PMID   1372044.
  7. 1 2 Bearer, E. L.; Abraham, M. T. (1999). "2E4 (kaptin): a novel actin-associated protein from human blood platelets found in lamellipodia and the tips of the stereocilia of the inner ear". European Journal of Cell Biology. 78 (2): 117–126. doi:10.1016/S0171-9335(99)80013-2. ISSN   0171-9335. PMC   3376092 . PMID   10099934.
  8. ↑ BEARER, E. L.; CHEN, A. F.; CHEN, A. H.; LI, Z.; MARK, H.-F.; SMITH, R. J. H.; JACKSON, C. L. (May 2000). "2E4/Kaptin (KPTN) – a candidate gene for the hearing loss locus, DFNA4". Annals of Human Genetics. 64 (Pt 3): 189–196. doi:10.1046/j.1469-1809.2000.6430189.x. ISSN   0003-4800. PMC   3376086 . PMID   11409409.
  9. ↑ "Do Microbes Trigger Alzheimer's Disease?". The Scientist. Retrieved 2018-04-30.
  10. ↑ "Drawbacks and benefits of using saliva for epigenetic studies". News-Medical.net. 2018-04-20. Retrieved 2018-04-30.
  11. ↑ "Octopuses, Squid, and Cuttlefish: RNA Editing Instead of Genome Evolution? | DNA Science Blog". DNA Science Blog. 2017-04-06. Retrieved 2018-04-30.
  12. ↑ "Comparative Genomics Shows Squid Optimize DNA 'Blueprint' Through RNA Editing". Science 2.0. 2015-03-20. Retrieved 2018-04-30.
  13. ↑ "UNM researchers mapping brain circuitry using manganese". UNM Health Sciences Center. Retrieved 2018-04-30.
  14. ↑ "Elaine Bearer". aaas.org. Archived from the original on August 18, 2017. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  15. 1 2 "Elaine Bearer". brown.edu. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  16. ↑ 2019 Elaine Bearer, Manhattan School of Music Distinguished Alumi Award , retrieved 2021-10-21
  17. ↑ "2020 UCSF Campaign Alumni Awards Honor Accomplished Alumni, Up-and-Coming Leaders | UC San Francisco". www.ucsf.edu. 26 May 2020. Retrieved 2021-10-21.
  18. 1 2 Strømstad Academy. "Elaine Bearer, Installation speech at Strömstad Academy". YouTube .
  19. ↑ Bearer, E. L.; Friend, D. S. (1980). "Anionic lipid domains: correlation with functional topography in a mammalian cell membrane". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 77 (11): 6601–6605. Bibcode:1980PNAS...77.6601B. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.11.6601 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   350334 . PMID   6935671.
  20. ↑ Bearer, E. L.; Friend, D. S. (1982). "Modifications of anionic-lipid domains preceding membrane fusion in guinea pig sperm". The Journal of Cell Biology. 92 (3): 604–615. doi:10.1083/jcb.92.3.604. ISSN   0021-9525. PMC   2112035 . PMID   7085750.
  21. ↑ Bearer, E. L. (1991). "Actin in the Drosophila embryo: is there a relationship to developmental cue localization?". BioEssays. 13 (4): 199–204. doi:10.1002/bies.950130410. ISSN   0265-9247. PMC   4666703 . PMID   1859400.
  22. ↑ Bearer, E. L. (1991). "Direct observation of actin filament severing by gelsolin and binding by gCap39 and CapZ". The Journal of Cell Biology. 115 (6): 1629–1638. doi:10.1083/jcb.115.6.1629. ISSN   0021-9525. PMC   2289206 . PMID   1661732.
  23. ↑ Bearer, E. L. (1992). "An actin-associated protein present in the microtubule organizing center and the growth cones of PC-12 cells". The Journal of Neuroscience. 12 (3): 750–761. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.12-03-00750.1992. ISSN   0270-6474. PMC   3376081 . PMID   1372044.
  24. ↑ Bearer, E. L. (1992). "Fluorescence Microscopy of Single Actin Filaments Labeled by Conjugation to Rhodamine". The Biological Bulletin. 183 (2): 361–362. doi:10.1086/BBLv183n2p361. ISSN   1939-8697. PMID   29300650.
  25. ↑ Bearer, E. L.; Liu, J.; Hsu, A.; Reese, T. S. (October 1996). "Method for Visualizing Filaments in Axoplasm by Electron Microscopy". The Biological Bulletin. 191 (2): 272–273. doi:10.1086/BBLv191n2p272. ISSN   1939-8697. PMID   29220227.
  26. ↑ Li, Zhi; Kim, Eric S.; Bearer, Elaine L. (2002). "Arp2/3 complex is required for actin polymerization during platelet shape change". Blood. 99 (12): 4466–4474. doi:10.1182/blood.v99.12.4466. ISSN   0006-4971. PMC   3376088 . PMID   12036877.
  27. ↑ Bearer, E. L.; Chen, A. F.; Chen, A. H.; Li, Z.; Mark, H. F.; Smith, R. J.; Jackson, C. L. (2000). "2E4/Kaptin (KPTN)--a candidate gene for the hearing loss locus, DFNA4". Annals of Human Genetics. 64 (Pt 3): 189–196. doi:10.1046/j.1469-1809.2000.6430189.x. ISSN   0003-4800. PMC   3376086 . PMID   11409409.
  28. ↑ Bearer, E. L.; Breakefield, X. O.; Schuback, D.; Reese, T. S.; LaVail, J. H. (2000). "Retrograde axonal transport of herpes simplex virus: evidence for a single mechanism and a role for tegument". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (14): 8146–8150. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.8146B. doi: 10.1073/pnas.97.14.8146 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   16684 . PMID   10884436.
  29. ↑ Satpute-Krishnan, Prasanna; DeGiorgis, Joseph A.; Bearer, Elaine L. (2003). "Fast anterograde transport of herpes simplex virus: role for the amyloid precursor protein of alzheimer's disease". Aging Cell. 2 (6): 305–318. doi:10.1046/j.1474-9728.2003.00069.x. ISSN   1474-9718. PMC   3622731 . PMID   14677633.
  30. ↑ Cheng, Shi-Bin; Ferland, Paulette; Webster, Paul; Bearer, Elaine L. (2011). "Herpes simplex virus dances with amyloid precursor protein while exiting the cell". PLOS ONE. 6 (3): e17966. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...617966C. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017966 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   3069030 . PMID   21483850.
  31. ↑ Bearer, Elaine L. (2012). "HSV, axonal transport and Alzheimer's disease: in vitro and in vivo evidence for causal relationships". Future Virology. 7 (9): 885–899. doi:10.2217/fvl.12.81. ISSN   1746-0794. PMC   3546524 . PMID   23335944.
  32. ↑ Itzhaki, Ruth F.; Lathe, Richard; Balin, Brian J.; Ball, Melvyn J.; Bearer, Elaine L.; Braak, Heiko; Bullido, Maria J.; Carter, Chris; Clerici, Mario (2016). "Microbes and Alzheimer's Disease". Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 51 (4): 979–984. doi:10.3233/JAD-160152. ISSN   1875-8908. PMC   5457904 . PMID   26967229.
  33. ↑ Brown, William D.; Bearer, Elaine L.; Donahue, John E. (2010). "Chronic active herpes simplex type 2 encephalitis in an asymptomatic immunocompetent child". Journal of Child Neurology. 25 (7): 901–908. doi:10.1177/0883073809353449. ISSN   1708-8283. PMC   3376078 . PMID   20179002.
  34. ↑ Bearer, Elaine L.; Zhang, Xiaowei; Jacobs, Russell E. (2007). "Live imaging of neuronal connections by magnetic resonance: Robust transport in the hippocampal-septal memory circuit in a mouse model of Down syndrome". NeuroImage. 37 (1): 230–242. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.05.010. ISSN   1053-8119. PMC   2074885 . PMID   17566763.
  35. ↑ Bearer, Elaine L.; Falzone, Tomás Luis; Zhang, Xiaowei; Biris, Octavian; Rasin, Arkady; Jacobs, Russell E. (2007). "Role of neuronal activity and kinesin on tract tracing by manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI)". NeuroImage. 37 (Suppl 1): S37–46. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.04.053. ISSN   1053-8119. PMC   2096707 . PMID   17600729.
  36. ↑ Bearer, Elaine L.; Zhang, Xiaowei; Janvelyan, Davit; Boulat, Benoit; Jacobs, Russell E. (2009). "Reward circuitry is perturbed in the absence of the serotonin transporter". NeuroImage. 46 (4): 1091–1104. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.03.026. ISSN   1095-9572. PMC   2693299 . PMID   19306930.
  37. ↑ "Bearer-el and Jacobs-re - Search Results - PubMed". PubMed. Retrieved 2021-10-21.
  38. ↑ Floyd, James Michael (2011). Composers in the classroom a bio-bibliography of composers at conservatories, colleges, and universities in the United States. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. pp. 34–37. ISBN   9781461657644 . Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  39. ↑ "Symphony of the Redwoods". www.symphonyoftheredwoods.org. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
  40. ↑ Francisco, University of California, San (1990). UCSF News. The University.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  41. ↑ "Commissions of the Providence Singers". www.providencesingers.org. Archived from the original on 2018-09-11. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
  42. ↑ "Julian Wachner - Conductor / Composer". www.julianwachner.com. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
  43. ↑ "Music at Saint Matthews: World-Class Music Close to Home". musicguildonline.org. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
  44. ↑ "index". www.pasadenapromusica.org. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
  45. ↑ "Pasadena Pro Musica -Psalms, Hymns, and Inspired Songs - Stephen Grimm - Artistic Director - Neighborhood Church". www.performingartslive.com. Retrieved 2018-09-12.
  46. ↑ "2018 John Donald Robb Composers' Symposium". Robb Musical Trust. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
  47. ↑ "Jesse Tatum - The Santa Fe Symphony". The Santa Fe Symphony. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
  48. ↑ "artist // designer at oblong // prof at USC". johnbcarpenter. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
  49. ↑ "Dr. Bruce Alberts' Website – Bruce Alberts". brucealberts.ucsf.edu. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
  50. ↑ "Albany Records: Chamber Music". www.albanyrecords.com. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
  51. ↑ "Hildegard Publishing - Music by Women Composers". www.hildegard.com. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
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