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Radical feminism is a perspective within feminism that calls for a radical re-ordering of society in which male supremacy is eliminated in all social and economic contexts,while recognizing that women's experiences are also affected by other social divisions such as in race,class,and sexual orientation. The ideology and movement emerged in the 1960s.
Sex work is "the exchange of sexual services,performances,or products for material compensation. It includes activities of direct physical contact between buyers and sellers as well as indirect sexual stimulation". Sex work only refers to voluntary sexual transactions;thus,the term does not refer to human trafficking and other coerced or nonconsensual sexual transactions such as child prostitution. The transaction must take place between consenting adults of the legal age and mental capacity to consent and must take place without any methods of coercion,other than payment. The term emphasizes the labor and economic implications of this type of work. Furthermore,some prefer the use of the term because it grants more agency to the sellers of these services.
Sex-positive feminism, also known as pro-sex feminism,sex-radical feminism, or sexually liberal feminism, is a feminist movement centering on the idea that sexual freedom is an essential component of women's freedom. They oppose legal or social efforts to control sexual activities between consenting adults,whether they are initiated by the government,other feminists,opponents of feminism,or any other institution. They embrace sexual minority groups,endorsing the value of coalition-building with marginalized groups. Sex-positive feminism is connected with the sex-positive movement. Sex-positive feminism brings together anti-censorship activists,LGBT activists,feminist scholars,producers of pornography and erotica,among others. Sex-positive feminists generally agree that prostitutes themselves should not be criminalized.
Catharine Alice MacKinnon is an American radical feminist legal scholar,activist,and author. She is the Elizabeth A. Long Professor of Law at the University of Michigan Law School,where she has been tenured since 1990,and the James Barr Ames Visiting Professor of Law at Harvard Law School. From 2008 to 2012,she was the special gender adviser to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court.
Feminist theory is the extension of feminism into theoretical,fictional,or philosophical discourse. It aims to understand the nature of gender inequality. It examines women's and men's social roles,experiences,interests,chores,and feminist politics in a variety of fields,such as anthropology and sociology,communication,media studies,psychoanalysis,political theory,home economics,literature,education,and philosophy.
Janice G. Raymond is an American lesbian radical feminist and professor emerita of women's studies and medical ethics at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. She is known for her work against violence,sexual exploitation,and medical abuse of women,and for her controversial work denouncing transsexuality and the transgender rights movement.
The feminist school of criminology is a school of criminology developed in the late 1960s and into the 1970s as a reaction to the general disregard and discrimination of women in the traditional study of crime. It is the view of the feminist school of criminology that a majority of criminological theories were developed through studies on male subjects and focused on male criminality,and that criminologists often would "add women and stir" rather than develop separate theories on female criminality.
Sheila Jeffreys is a former professor of political science at the University of Melbourne,born in England. A lesbian feminist scholar,she analyses the history and politics of human sexuality.
The feminist sex wars,also known as the lesbian sex wars,sex wars or porn wars,are terms used to refer to collective debates amongst feminists regarding a number of issues broadly relating to sexuality and sexual activity. Differences of opinion on matters of sexuality deeply polarized the feminist movement,particularly leading feminist thinkers,in the late 1970s and early 1980s and continue to influence debate amongst feminists to this day.
Feminist sexology is an offshoot of traditional studies of sexology that focuses on the intersectionality of sex and gender in relation to the sexual lives of women. Sexology has a basis in psychoanalysis,specifically Freudian theory,which played a big role in early sexology. This reactionary field of feminist sexology seeks to be inclusive of experiences of sexuality and break down the problematic ideas that have been expressed by sexology in the past. Feminist sexology shares many principles with the overarching field of sexology;in particular,it does not try to prescribe a certain path or "normality" for women's sexuality,but only observe and note the different and varied ways in which women express their sexuality. It is a young field,but one that is growing rapidly.
Laura María Agustín is an anthropologist who studies undocumented migration,informal labor markets,trafficking,and the sex industry. Blogging and speaking publicly as the Naked Anthropologist,she is critical of the conflation of the terms "human trafficking" and "prostitution". She argues that what she calls the "rescue industry" often ascribes victim status to people who have made conscious and rational decisions to migrate knowing they will be selling sex,and who do not consider themselves to be victims. She states that such views on prostitution originate in what she calls "fundamentalist feminism". She advocates for a cultural study of commercial sex,a theoretical framework she created in the journal Sexualities in 2005.
Feminism is aimed at defining,establishing,and defending a state of equal political,economic,cultural,and social rights for women. It has had a massive influence on American politics. Feminism in the United States is often divided chronologically into first-wave,second-wave,third-wave,and fourth-wave feminism.
Jody Miller is a feminist criminology professor at the School of Criminal Justice at the Rutgers University (Newark). Her education includes:B.S. in journalism from Ohio University,1989;M.A. in sociology from Ohio University,1990;M.A. in women's studies at Ohio State University,1991;and her Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Southern California in 1996. She specializes in feminist theory and qualitative research methods. Her research focuses on gender,crime and victimization,in the context of urban communities,the commercial sex industry,sex tourism,and youth gangs. Miller has also been elected as the vice president of the American Society of Criminology for 2015,the executive counselor of the American Society of Criminology for 2009–2011,as well as received the University of Missouri-St. Louis Chancellor's Award for Excellence in Service in 2007.
Feminist views on BDSM vary widely from acceptance to rejection. BDSM refers to bondage and discipline,dominance and submission,and Sado-Masochism. In order to evaluate its perception,two polarizing frameworks are compared. Some feminists,such as Gayle Rubin and Patrick Califia,perceive BDSM as a valid form of expression of female sexuality,while other feminists,such as Andrea Dworkin and Susan Griffin,have stated that they regard BDSM as a form of woman-hating violence. Some lesbian feminists practice BDSM and regard it as part of their sexual identity.
Kathleen Barry is an American sociologist and feminist. After researching and publishing books on international human sex trafficking,she cofounded the United Nations NGO,the Coalition Against Trafficking in Women (CATW). In 1985 she received the Wonder Woman Foundation Award for her strides towards the empowerment of women. She has taught at Brandeis University and Penn State University.
Feminist views on sexuality widely vary. Many feminists,particularly radical feminists,are highly critical of what they see as sexual objectification and sexual exploitation in the media and society. Radical feminists are often opposed to the sex industry,including opposition to prostitution and pornography. Other feminists define themselves as sex-positive feminists and believe that a wide variety of expressions of female sexuality can be empowering to women when they are freely chosen. Some feminists support efforts to reform the sex industry to become less sexist,such as the feminist pornography movement.
Janet R. Jakobsen is a scholar of gender and sexuality. She is Ann Whitney Olin Professor of Women's,Gender and Sexuality Studies at Barnard College and Director of Barnard's Center for Research on Women. She has also been Barnard's Dean for Faculty Diversity and Development.
Carceral feminism is a critical term for types of feminism that advocate for enhancing and increasing prison sentences that deal with feminist and gender issues. It is the belief that harsher and longer prison sentences will help work towards solving these issues. The phrase "carceral feminism" was coined by Elizabeth Bernstein,a feminist sociologist,in her 2007 article,"The Sexual Politics of the 'New Abolitionism'". Examining the contemporary anti-trafficking movement in the United States,Bernstein introduced the term to describe a type of feminist activism which casts all forms of sexual labor as sex trafficking. She sees this as a retrograde step,suggesting it erodes the rights of women in the sex industry,and takes the focus off other important feminist issues,and expands the neoliberal agenda.
Feminist perspectives on sex markets vary widely,depending on the type of feminism being applied. The sex market is defined as the system of supply and demand which is generated by the existence of sex work as a commodity. The sex market can further be segregated into the direct sex market,which mainly applies to prostitution,and the indirect sex market,which applies to sexual businesses which provide services such as lap dancing. The final component of the sex market lies in the production and selling of pornography. With the distinctions between feminist perspectives,there are many documented instances from feminist authors of both explicit and implied feminist standpoints that provide coverage on the sex market in regards to both "autonomous" and "non-autonomous" sex trades. The quotations are added since some feminist ideology believe the commodification of women's bodies is never autonomous and therefore subversive or misleading by terminology.
Kamala Kempadoo is a British-Guyanese author and sexology professor who lives in Barbados and Canada. She has written multiple books about sex work and sex trafficking and won awards from the Caribbean Studies Association and the Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality for her distinguished and lifetime achievement in the sexology field.
References
- ↑ http://www.norberteliasfoundation.nl/foundation/prizes.php
- ↑ "Elizabeth Bernstein". press.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2019-08-22.
- 1 2 "Elizabeth Bernstein | Alumni | About UNRISD | UNRISD". www.unrisd.org. Retrieved 2019-08-26.
- ↑ "Elizabeth Bernstein | Barnard". barnard.edu. Retrieved 2019-08-29.
- 1 2 Bazelon, Emily (2016-05-05). "Should Prostitution Be a Crime?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2019-08-22.
- ↑ Fulcher, James; Scott, John (2011). Sociology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 662. ISBN 9780199563753.
- ↑ "The Sociology of Prostitution - Blackfeminisms.com". www.blackfeminisms.com. Retrieved 2019-09-03.
- 1 2 Graybill, Rhiannon; Minister, Meredith; Lawrence, Beatrice (2019). Rape Culture and Religious Studies: Critical and Pedagogical Engagements. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. p. 182. ISBN 9781498562843.
- ↑ Taylor, Chloë (2018-10-08). Foucault, Feminism, and Sex Crimes: An Anti-Carceral Analysis. Routledge. ISBN 9780429771248.
- 1 2 "Author Page". openDemocracy. Retrieved 2019-08-22.
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