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Emanuele Grazzi | |
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Italian ambassador to Guatemala | |
In office October 27, 1932 –1934 | |
Preceded by | Carlos F. Novella |
Succeeded by | Enrico Bombieri (1887-1967) |
Italian ambassador to Greece | |
In office 1939 –November 7,1940 | |
Preceded by | Giulio Cesare Montagna |
Succeeded by | Casto Caruso |
Italian ambassador to Serbia | |
In office 1941 –September 30,1943 | |
Preceded by | Filippo Anfuso |
Succeeded by | Giovanni Caracciolo di Vietri |
Italian ambassador to Hungary | |
In office September 30,1943 –October 15,1943 | |
Preceded by | Giuseppe Talamo Atenolfi di Castelnuovo 1896-1983 |
Succeeded by | Augusto Assettati |
Personal details | |
Born | Florence,Kingdom of Italy | May 30,1891
Died | September 7,1961 70) Rome,Italy | (aged
Nationality | Italy |
Occupation | Diplomat |
Emanuele Grazzi was an Italian diplomat. He was the Italian ambassador to Greece during World War II,delivering Benito Mussolini's ultimatum to Greek prime minister Ioannis Metaxas on 28 October 1940. The refusal of Italian demands led to the beginning of the Greco-Italian War and Greece's joining of World War II.
Grazzi was born in Florence on 30 May 1891. He graduated in law from the University of Pisa in 1911.
He was appointed Consular Attachéand sent to Tunis in 1912. He returned to the Ministry in 1913 and was subsequently sent to Helsingfors,first as Italian delegate and then as chargéd'affaires in the Inter-Allied Economic Committee (1919). He then served in Berlin becoming Regent of the Consulate in 1920 and was then appointed Consul in Florianopolis in 1922. In 1924 he returned to the Ministry. He was transferred to Toulouse in 1925 and in 1927 to New York as Consul General. [1]
He was chargéd'affaires in Guatemala in 1932,and returned to the Ministry in 1934 to work for the Press and Propaganda. He was appointed Director General of the Foreign Press Service in 1935. In 1939 he was transferred to Athens. On 28 October 1940,following instructions received,he presented an ultimatum to General Joannis Metaxas,Prime Minister and Greek dictator,in which Mussolini demanded that all of Greece be occupied by Italian troops. He was later recalled to the Ministry. In 1943 he was sent to Belgrade.
In 1944 he joined the Italian Social Republic and was sent to Budapest,where he stayed only a few days. He left his career at the end of 1947. [1]
He died in 1961.
Victor Emmanuel III was King of Italy from 29 July 1900 until his abdication on 9 May 1946. He also reigned as Emperor of Ethiopia (1936–1941) and King of the Albanians (1939–1943). During his reign of nearly 46 years,which began after the assassination of his father Umberto I,the Kingdom of Italy became involved in two world wars. His reign also encompassed the birth,rise,and fall of Italian Fascism and its regime.
George II was King of Greece from September 1922 to March 1924 and from November 1935 to his death in April 1947.
Ioannis Metaxas was a Greek military officer and politician who served as the Prime Minister of Greece from 1936 until his death in 1941. He governed constitutionally for the first four months of his tenure,and thereafter as the strongman of the 4th of August Regime following his appointment by King George II.
Ohi Day or Oxi Day is celebrated throughout Greece,Cyprus and the Greek communities around the world on 28 October each year. Ohi Day commemorates the rejection by Greek prime minister Ioannis Metaxas of the ultimatum made by Italian dictator Benito Mussolini on 28 October 1940 and the subsequent Hellenic counterattack against the invading Italian forces at the mountains of Pindus during the Greco-Italian War and Greek Resistance during the Axis occupation.
The German invasion of Greece,also known as the Battle of Greece or Operation Marita,was the attack of Greece by Italy and Germany during World War II. The Italian invasion in October 1940,which is usually known as the Greco-Italian War,was followed by the German invasion in April 1941. German landings on the island of Crete came after Allied forces had been defeated in mainland Greece. These battles were part of the greater Balkans Campaign of the Axis powers and their associates.
The Corfu Incident was a 1923 diplomatic and military crisis between Greece and Italy. It was triggered when an Italian general heading a commission to resolve a border dispute between Albania and Greece was murdered in Greek territory along with members of his staff. In response,Benito Mussolini issued an ultimatum to Greece and,when it was not accepted in whole,dispatched forces to bombard and occupy Corfu. Mussolini defied the League of Nations and stated Italy would leave if it arbitrated in the crisis,and the Conference of Ambassadors instead eventually tendered an agreement favouring Italy. This was an early demonstration of the League's weakness when dealing with larger powers.
The Greco-Italian War,also called the Italo-Greek War,Italian Campaign in Greece, and the War of '40 in Greece,took place between the kingdoms of Italy and Greece from 28 October 1940 to 23 April 1941. This local war began the Balkans Campaign of World War II between the Axis powers and the Allies and eventually turned into the Battle of Greece with British and German involvement. On 10 June 1940,Italy declared war on France and the United Kingdom. By September 1940,the Italians had invaded France,British Somaliland and Egypt. This was followed by a hostile press campaign in Italy against Greece,accused of being a British ally. A number of provocations culminated in the sinking of the Greek light cruiser Elli by the Italians on 15 August. On 28 October,Mussolini issued an ultimatum to Greece demanding the cession of Greek territory,which the Prime Minister of Greece,Ioannis Metaxas,rejected.
Ioannis Kolettis was a Greek politician who played a significant role in Greek affairs from the Greek War of Independence through the early years of the Greek Kingdom,including as Minister to France and serving twice as Prime Minister.
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The 4th of August Regime,commonly also known as the Metaxas regime,was a totalitarian regime under the leadership of General Ioannis Metaxas that ruled the Kingdom of Greece from 1936 to 1941. On 4 August 1936,Metaxas,with the support of King George II,suspended the Greek parliament and went on to preside over a conservative,staunchly anti-communist government. The regime took inspiration in its symbolism and rhetoric from Fascist Italy,but retained close links to Britain and the French Third Republic,rather than the Axis powers. Lacking a popular base,after Metaxas' death in January 1941 the regime hinged entirely on the King. Although Greece was occupied following the German invasion of Greece in April 1941 and the Greek government was forced into exile in the British-controlled Kingdom of Egypt,several prominent figures of the regime,notably the notorious security chief Konstantinos Maniadakis,survived for several months in cabinet until the King was forced to dismiss them in a compromise with the representatives of the old democratic political establishment.
Vittorio Emanuele Orlando was an Italian statesman,who served as the Prime Minister of Italy from October 1917 to June 1919. Orlando is best known for representing Italy in the 1919 Paris Peace Conference with his foreign minister Sidney Sonnino. He was also known as "Premier of Victory" for defeating the Central Powers along with the Entente in World War I. He was also member and president of the Constitutional Assembly that changed the Italian form of government into a Republic. Aside from his prominent political role,Orlando was a professor of law and is known for his writings on legal and judicial issues,which number over a hundred works.
The Axis leaders of World War II were important political and military figures during World War II. The Axis was established with the signing of the Tripartite Pact in 1940 and pursued a strongly militarist and nationalist ideology;with a policy of anti-communism. During the early phase of the war,puppet governments were established in their occupied nations. When the war ended,many of them faced trial for war crimes. The chief leaders were Adolf Hitler of Nazi Germany,Benito Mussolini of Fascist Italy,and Hirohito of Imperial Japan. Unlike what happened with the Allies,there was never a joint meeting of the main Axis heads of government,although Mussolini and Hitler did meet on a regular basis.
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The Greek government-in-exile was formed in 1941,in the aftermath of the Battle of Greece and the subsequent occupation of Greece by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. The government-in-exile was based in Cairo,Egypt,and hence it is also referred to as the "Cairo Government". It was the internationally recognised government during the years of the Axis occupation of Greece.
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