Vacuum energy is an underlying background energy that exists in space throughout the entire Universe. The vacuum energy is a special case of zero-point energy that relates to the quantum vacuum.
Andrei Dmitriyevich Linde is a Russian-American theoretical physicist and the Harald Trap Friis Professor of Physics at Stanford University.
Alexander Vilenkin is the Leonard Jane Holmes Bernstein Professor of Evolutionary Science and Director of the Institute of Cosmology at Tufts University. A theoretical physicist who has been working in the field of cosmology for 25 years, Vilenkin has written over 260 publications.
In mathematics and theoretical physics, zeta function regularization is a type of regularization or summability method that assigns finite values to divergent sums or products, and in particular can be used to define determinants and traces of some self-adjoint operators. The technique is now commonly applied to problems in physics, but has its origins in attempts to give precise meanings to ill-conditioned sums appearing in number theory.
Helen Fay Dowker is a British physicist who is a current professor of theoretical physics at Imperial College London.
Sean Michael Carroll is a theoretical physicist specializing in quantum mechanics, gravity, and cosmology. He is a research professor in the Walter Burke Institute for Theoretical Physics in the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) Department of Physics and an External Professor at the Santa Fe Institute. He has been a contributor to the physics blog Cosmic Variance, and has published in scientific journals such as Nature as well as other publications, including The New York Times, Sky & Telescope, and New Scientist.
Thanu Padmanabhan is an Indian theoretical physicist and cosmologist whose research spans a wide variety of topics in Gravitation, Structure formation in the universe and Quantum Gravity. He has published nearly 300 papers and reviews in international journals and ten books in these areas. He has made several contributions related to the analysis and modelling of dark energy in the universe and the interpretation of gravity as an emergent phenomenon. He is currently a Distinguished Professor at the Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, (IUCAA) at Pune, India.
The Boltzmann brain argument suggests that it is more likely for a single brain to spontaneously and briefly form in a void than it is for the universe to have come about in the way modern science thinks it actually did. It was first proposed as a reductio ad absurdum response to Ludwig Boltzmann's early explanation for the low-entropy state of our universe.
Aurélien Barrau is a French physicist and philosopher, specialized in astroparticle physics, black holes and cosmology. He is the director of the Grenoble Center for Theoretical Physics, works in the CNRS Laboratory for Subatomic Physics and Cosmology (LPSC), and is a professor at the Joseph Fourier University.
José W. F. Valle is a Spanish-Brazilian physicist.
In cosmology, the cosmological constant problem or vacuum catastrophe is the disagreement between the observed values of vacuum energy density and theoretical large value of zero-point energy suggested by quantum field theory.
Sergei D. Odintsov is a Spanish-based Russian astrophysicist active in the fields of cosmology, quantum field theory and quantum gravity. Odintsov is an ICREA Research Professor at the Institut de Ciències de l'Espai (Barcelona) since 2003. He also collaborates as group leader at research projects of the Tomsk State Pedagogical University. He is a member of the editorial boards of Gravitation and Cosmology, International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics, International Journal of Modern Physics D, Journal of Gravity, Universe, and the Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. Odintsov also is an advisory panel member of Classical and Quantum Gravity.
Institut de Ciències de l'Espai is a Spanish institution dedicated to investigations in the field of space physics, astrophysics, and cosmology. It attracted several internationally renowned scientists, such as Sergei Odintsov.
In quantum field theory in curved spacetime, there is a whole class of quantum states over a background de Sitter space which are invariant under all the isometries: the alpha-vacua. Among them there is a particular one whose associated Green functions verify a condition consisting to behave on the light-cone as in flat space. This state is usually called the Bunch–Davies vacuum or Euclidean vacuum, actually was first obtained by N.A. Chernikov and E. A. Tagirov, in 1968 and later by C. Schomblond and P. Spindel, in 1976, in the framework of a general discussion about invariant Green functions on de Sitter space. The Bunch–Davies vacuum can also be described as being generated by an infinite time trace from the condition that the scale of quantum fluctuations is much smaller than the Hubble scale. The state possesses no quanta at the asymptotic past infinity.
Geosciences Barcelona, formerly known as Institute of Earth Sciences Jaume Almera is an earth science public research institute of the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). It was created in Barcelona (Spain) in 1965 and it is considered among the top research institutes in Earth Sciences in Spain.
Pedro Miguel Etxenike Landiribar, also known as Pedro Miguel Echenique, is a theoretical solid-state physicist, Professor of Condensed Matter Physics at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), and former minister of the Basque Autonomous Community.
Jonathan Peter Keating FRS is a British mathematician. As of September 2019 he is the Sedleian Professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of Oxford, and from 2012 to 2019 was the Henry Overton Wills Professor of Mathematics at the University of Bristol, where he served as Dean of the Faculty of Science (2009-2013). He has made contributions to applied mathematics and mathematical physics, in particular to quantum chaos, random matrix theory and number theory.
Emilio Santos Corchero, born 7 October 1935, is a theoretical physicist, professor at the Universities of Costa Rica (1964–68), Valladolid (1968-76) and Cantabria (Spain) (1976-). In the year 1998 he received the Medal of the Spanish Society of Physics.
Maria Teresa Ferrer i Mallol was a Spanish medieval historian, who worked at the Institut Milà i Fontanals and Institut d'Estudis Catalans.
Pilar Bayer Isant is a Spanish mathematician specializing in number theory. She is a professor emerita in the Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science of the University of Barcelona.
