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Tamil Nadu is the southernmost state of India. The tenth largest Indian state by area and the sixth largest by population, Tamil Nadu is the home of the Tamil people, who speak the Tamil language—the state's official language and one of the longest surviving classical languages of the world. The capital and largest city is Chennai.
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Madurai, formerly known by its colonial name Madura is a major city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is the cultural capital of Tamil Nadu and the administrative headquarters of Madurai District, which is governed by the Madurai Municipal Corporation established in 1 November 1866. As of the 2011 census, it is the third largest metropolis in Tamil Nadu after Chennai and Coimbatore in terms of population and 27th largest urban agglomeration in India. Located on the banks of River Vaigai, Madurai has been a major settlement for two millennia and has a documented history of more than 2500 years. It is often referred to as "Thoonga Nagaram", meaning "the city that never sleeps".
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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to ancient India:
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The Vaigai is a river in the Tamil Nadu state of southern India; it passes through the towns of Theni, Madurai and Ramanathapuram. It originates in Varusanadu Hills, the Periyar Plateau of the Western Ghats range, and flows northeast through the Kambam Valley, which lies between the Palani Hills to the north and the Varushanad Hills to the south. The Vattaparai Falls are located on this river. As it rounds the eastern corner of the Varushanad Hills, the river turns southeast, running through the region of Pandya Nadu. Madurai, the largest city in the Pandya Nadu region and its ancient capital, lies on the Vaigai. The river empties into the Palk Bay near Alagankulam, close to Pamban Bridge in Ramanathapuram District.
Tirunelveli district is one of the 38 districts of Tamil Nadu state in India. It is the largest district in terms of area with Tirunelveli as its headquarters. The district was formed on 1 September 1790 by the British East India Company and comprised the present Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi, Tenkasi and parts of Virudhunagar and Ramanathapuram district. As of 2011, the undivided district had a population of 30,77,233.
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Namakkal District is one of the 38 districts in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. The district was bifurcated from Salem District with Namakkal city as headquarters on 25 July 1996 and started to function independently from 1 January 1997. The district has eight taluks (subdivisions): Tiruchengode, Namakkal, Rasipuram, Paramathi Velur, Senthamangalam, Kumarapalayam, Kolli Hills and Mohanur. It has two revenue divisions: Tiruchengode and Namakkal. As of 2011 census, Namakkal district had a population of 1,726,601 with a sex-ratio of 986 females for every 1,000 males and Tiruchengode is the largest city in terms of population. Namakkal district is geographically affiliated to Kongu Nadu region. The district is famous for its large poultry industry, egg production and lorry bodybuilding industry, for which it is often referred to as "Egg City" and "Transport Hub of South India".
Parambikulam Dam is an embankment dam on the Parambikulam River, located in the Palakkad district in the Western Ghats of Kerala, India, ranks number one in India as well as in the top ten embankment dams in the world in volume in the year 2000.
The Anuradhapura period was a period in the history of Sri Lanka of the Anuradhapura Kingdom from 377 BCE to 1017 CE. The period begins when Pandukabhaya, King of Upatissa Nuwara moved the administration to Anuradhapura, becoming the kingdom's first monarch. Anuradhapura is heralded as an ancient cosmopolitan citadel with diverse populations.
The early Dravidian religion constituted a non-Vedic, pre-Indo-Aryan, indigenous religion practiced by Dravidian peoples in the Indian subcontinent that they were either historically or are at present Āgamic. The Agamas are non-Vedic in origin, and have been dated either as post-Vedic texts, or as pre-Vedic compositions. The Agamas are a collection of Tamil and Sanskrit scriptures chiefly constituting the methods of temple construction and creation of murti, worship means of deities, philosophical doctrines, meditative practices, attainment of sixfold desires and four kinds of yoga. The worship of tutelary deities and sacred flora and fauna in Hinduism is also recognized as a survival of the pre-Vedic Dravidian religion. Dravidian linguistic influence on early Vedic religion is evident; many of these features are already present in the oldest known Indo-Aryan language, the language of the Rigveda, which also includes over a dozen words borrowed from Dravidian. The linguistic evidence for Dravidian impact grows increasingly strong as one moves from the Samhitas down through the later Vedic works and into the classical post-Vedic literature. This represents an early religious and cultural fusion or synthesis between ancient Dravidians and Indo-Aryans that went on to influence Indian civilisation.
References
- ↑ P R Vijayasarathy (2011). Engineering Chemistry. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 136. ISBN 9788120342798.
- ↑ Jagat Pati Joshi. Harappan Architecture and Civil Engineering. Rupa Publication. p. 16.
- ↑ Pierre-Louis Viollet (2007). Water Engineering in Ancient Civilizations: 5,000 Years of History. CRC Press. p. 11.
- ↑ Partha Chakraborty, Animesh Das. Principles of Engineering. PHI Learning Pvt. p. 1.
- 1 2 Kumkum Bhattacharyya (2011). The Lower Damodar River, India: Understanding the Human Role in Changing Fluvial Environment. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 5. ISBN 9789400704671.
- ↑ Ornstein, Daniel U. Levine (2002). Foundation of Eduspace, Eighth Edition, Custom Publication. Houghton Mifflin. p. 64.
- ↑ Charles Gilmore (2014-01-01). Materials Science and Engineering Properties. CengageBrain. p. 393. ISBN 9781305156197.
- ↑ Charles Gilmore (2014-01-01). Materials Science and Engineering Properties. CengageBrain. p. 320. ISBN 9781305156197.
- ↑ Pushpendra K. Agarwal, Vijay P. Singh (2007). Hydrology and Water Resources of India. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 937. ISBN 9781402051807.
- ↑ Debi Prasad Chattopadhyaya (1999). History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization: pt. 1. Science, technology, imperialism and war. Pearson Education India. pp. 435–440.
- ↑ Gaurav Rastogi (2011). Offshore: How India Got Back on the Global Business Map. Penguin UK. p. 153. ISBN 9788184755381.
- ↑ Nandini Gooptu. Enterprise Culture in Neoliberal India: Studies in Youth, Class, Work and Media. Routledge. p. 46.