Epidemiology of depression

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The epidemiology of depression has been studied across the world. Depression is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, as the epidemiology has shown. [1] Lifetime prevalence estimates vary widely, from 3% in Japan to 17% in India. Epidemiological data shows higher rates of depression in the Middle East, North Africa, South Asia and the United States than in other regions and countries. [2] For most countries among the 10 studied, the number of people who experience depression during their lifetimes falls within an 8–12% range. [3] [4]

Contents

In North America, the probability of having a major depressive episode within any year-long period is 3–5% for males and 8–10% for females. [5] [6]

Demographic dynamics

Population studies have consistently shown major depression to be about twice as common in women as in men, although it is not yet clear why this is so. [7] The relative increase in occurrence is related to pubertal development rather than chronological age, reaches adult ratios between the ages of 15 and 18, and appears associated with psychosocial more than hormonal factors. [7]

People are most likely to suffer their first depressive episode between the ages of 30 and 40, and there is a second, smaller peak of incidence between ages 50 and 60. [8] The risk of major depression is increased with neurological conditions such as stroke, Parkinson's disease, or multiple sclerosis and during the first year after childbirth. [9] The risk of major depression has also been related to environmental stressors faced by population groups such as war combatants or physicians in training. [10] [11]

It is also more common after cardiovascular illnesses, and is related to a poor outcome of cardiovascular diseases. [12] [13] Studies conflict on the prevalence of depression in the elderly, but most data suggest there is a reduction in this age group. [14] Depressive disorders are most common in urban than in rural population and, in general, the prevalence is higher in groups with adverse socio-economic factors (for example in homeless people). [15]

Data on the relative prevalence of major depression among different ethnic groups have reached no clear consensus. However, the only known study to have covered dysthymia in the US specifically found it to be more common in African and Mexican Americans than in European Americans. [16]

Projections indicate that depression may be the second leading cause of life lost after heart disease by 2020. [17]

In 2016, a study, published by JAMA Psychiatry, and written by Charlotte Wessel Skovlund, found an association between hormonal contraception and depression. [18]

By country and category

Age-standardised disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rates per 10,000 inhabitants in 2017. [19]

Category19902017Absolute changeRelative change
Afghanistan439.81443.57+3.75<1%
Albania306.48308.44+1.96<1%
Algeria454.02455.36+1.34<1%
American Samoa299.00301.44+2.43<1%
Andean Latin America395.14395.61+0.47<1%
Andorra462.69466.65+3.96<1%
Angola300.38307.07+6.68+2%
Antigua and Barbuda423.69423.07–0.63>–1%
Argentina554.67555.27+0.60<1%
Armenia235.57235.64+0.07<1%
Australasia588.29588.66+0.36<1%
Australia564.71564.13–0.58>–1%
Austria473.10470.30–2.81>–1%
Azerbaijan237.12235.03–2.09>–1%
Bahamas426.25425.91–0.34>–1%
Bahrain428.36426.75–1.61>–1%
Bangladesh390.09399.43+9.34+2%
Barbados427.13425.42–1.71>–1%
Belarus262.09261.92–0.16>–1%
Belgium454.81453.91–0.90>–1%
Belize417.94421.10+3.16<1%
Benin270.23272.67+2.43<1%
Bermuda425.79426.62+0.83<1%
Bhutan348.85351.02+2.17<1%
Bolivia393.70393.43–0.27>–1%
Bosnia and Herzegovina308.44307.51–0.92>–1%
Botswana321.91319.57–2.34>–1%
Brazil513.45554.75+41.30+8%
Brunei315.25318.63+3.37+1%
Bulgaria325.36325.40+0.04<1%
Burkina Faso269.71273.79+4.07+2%
Burundi340.21335.02–5.19–2%
Cambodia306.36306.09–0.26>–1%
Cameroon269.81271.78+1.97<1%
Canada484.22450.76–33.46–7%
Cape Verde278.10274.58–3.52–1%
Caribbean422.38421.72–0.66>–1%
Central African Republic300.76303.45+2.69<1%
Central Asia235.74234.85–0.89>–1%
Central Europe307.09306.99–0.09>–1%
Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia271.76268.25–3.51–1%
Central Latin America264.02270.29+6.27+2%
Central Sub-Saharan Africa300.88304.43+3.55+1%
Chad270.61269.81-0.80>–1%
Chile553.66550.58–3.08>–1%
China289.57275.39–14.18–5%
Colombia244.81230.00–14.81–6%
Comoros334.19339.17+4.98+1%
Congo303.07304.40+1.33<1%
Costa Rica264.62267.24+2.62<1%
Côte d'Ivoire266.99269.37+2.38<1%
Croatia310.58309.13–1.45>–1%
Cuba421.37421.70+0.33<1%
Cyprus470.31472.29+1.98<1%
Czechia309.12307.16–1.96>–1%
Democratic Republic of Congo300.71303.61+2.90<1%
Denmark470.42469.49–0.93>–1%
Djibouti327.85330.88+3.03<1%
Dominica422.36418.16–4.20>–1%
Dominican Republic424.23420.58–3.65>–1%
East Asia290.12276.32–13.80–5%
Eastern Europe262.88262.56–0.32>–1%
Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa336.34340.89+4.55+1%
Ecuador395.69396.44+0.75<1%
Egypt398.29398.86+0.57<1%
El Salvador266.25270.06+3.81+1%
England395.05395.14+0.09<1%
Equatorial Guinea304.76303.81-0.94>–1%
Eritrea331.15339.69+8.54+3%
Estonia261.91261.21-0.70>–1%
Eswatini322.64318.73–3.90–1%
Ethiopia347.39349.31+1.92<1%
Fiji299.92300.46+0.54<1%
Finland333.44329.68–3.76–1%
France576.00576.03+0.03<1%
Gabon303.27306.57+3.31+1%
Gambia268.55271.49+2.94+1%
Georgia238.24235.38–2.87–1%
Germany564.54565.03+0.48<1%
Ghana272.17274.68+2.51<1%
Greece512.06511.19–0.87>–1%
Greenland492.10500.98+8.89+2%
Grenada423.74417.51–6.23–1%
Guam299.44301.30+1.86<1%
Guatemala263.12267.56+4.45+2%
Guinea271.79273.08+1.29<1%
Guinea-Bissau271.17272.76+1.59<1%
Guyana418.26420.11+1.84<1%
Haiti417.74420.25+2.50<1%
High SDI462.62463.66+1.04<1%
High-income489.63494.52+4.89<1%
High-income Asia Pacific318.28318.18–0.10>–1%
High-middle SDI329.26342.11+12.86+4%
Honduras264.60266.37+1.77<1%
Hungary308.84309.31+0.47<1%
Iceland469.33469.26–0.06>–1%
India309.28306.76–2.53>–1%
Indonesia304.31304.18–0.12>–1%
Iran689.12692.26–6.25>–1%
Iraq427.22430.09+2.87<1%
Ireland506.29511.29+5.00<1%
Israel274.39274.00–0.40>–1%
Italy512.79499.21–13.58–3%
Jamaica424.62422.32–2.30>–1%
Japan257.27224.62–12.69>–1%
Jordan447.61445.91–1.70>–1%
Kazakhstan235.88236.01+0.13<1%
Kenya337.41339.52+2.10<1%
Kiribati302.20303.25+1.04<1%
Kuwait430.22444.44+14.22+3%
Kyrgyzstan235.31235.09–0.22>–1%
Laos388.45390.62+2.17<1%
Latin America and Caribbean393.06405.65+12.59+3%
Latvia261.95261.48–0.46>–1%
Lebanon545.72547.07+1.35<1%
Lesotho320.94318.40–2.54>–1%
Liberia266.73267.44+0.71<1%
Libya443.86449.94+6.08+1%
Lithuania261.63261.43–0.19>–1%
Low SDI326.04329.76+3.72+1%
Low-middle SDI332.91337.68+4.77+1%
Luxembourg468.43467.04–1.39>–1%
Madagascar332.44336.98+4.53+1%
Malawi335.11341.69+6.58+2%
Malaysia392.10389.83–2.26>–1%
Maldives295.24291.29–3.96–1%
Mali268.90270.70+1.80<1%
Malta472.67468.46–4.21>–1%
Marshall Islands299.32299.31–0.02>–1%
Mauritania272.46273.97+1.51<1%
Mauritius303.11302.78–0.33>–1%
Mexico271.36289.05+17.69+7%
Micronesia (country)299.20299.84+0.64<1%
Middle SDI306.44306.98+0.54<1%
Moldova260.72261.03+0.31<1%
Mongolia233.62234.85+1.23<1%
Montenegro309.18308.71–0.47>–1%
Morocco452.71453.82+1.11<1%
Mozambique336.20341.61+5.41+2%
Myanmar300.93307.06+6.13+2%
Namibia320.84322.18+1.34<1%
Nepal348.75359.13+10.38+3%
Netherlands579.45578.84–0.62>–1%
New Zealand705.21722.98+17.77+3%
Nicaragua264.58265.73+1.15<1%
Niger271.34272.82+1.47<1%
Nigeria268.96272.57+3.61+1%
North Africa and Middle East448.40450.80+2.39<1%
North America561.85561.25–0.60>–1%
North Korea304.06297.84–6.22–2%
North Macedonia308.26307.40–0.86>–1%
Northern Ireland651.12660.19+9.07+1%
Northern Mariana Islands296.39300.91+4.52+2%
Norway673.49665.89–7.59–1%
Oceania296.33297.51+1.18<1%
Oman421.68413.70–7.97–2%
Pakistan349.19353.29+4.10+1%
Palestine455.01451.42–3.59>–1%
Panama263.33264.25+0.92<1%
Papua New Guinea294.77296.24+1.48<1%
Paraguay553.15552.96–0.19>–1%
Peru395.29395.88+0.59<1%
Philippines302.25302.49+0.24<1%
Poland309.40309.37–0.04>–1%
Portugal472.59473.61+1.01<1%
Puerto Rico427.30425.85–1.45>–1%
Qatar403.81391.06–12.75–3%
Romania292.12292.61+0.49<1%
Russia262.99262.58–0.42>–1%
Rwanda338.57343.75+5.18+2%
Saint Lucia424.55421.42–3.13>–1%
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines421.10417.18–3.92>–1%
Samoa299.55300.51+0.96<1%
São Tomé and Príncipe273.98273.61–0.37>–1%
Saudi Arabia430.80435.29+4.49+1%
Scotland421.09419.01–2.08>–1%
Senegal271.34271.99+0.66<1%
Serbia308.40307.93–0.47>–1%
Seychelles305.21300.90–4.30–1%
Sierra Leone271.01270.96–0.05>–1%
Singapore319.22326.20+6.98+2%
Slovakia309.64309.22–0.42>–1%
Slovenia309.55306.52–3.03>-1%
Solomon Islands296.00298.91+2.91<1%
Somalia327.47333.31+5.84+2%
South Africa367.94365.43–2.51>–1%
South Asia320.86320.95+0.09<1%
South Korea338.46335.96–2.50>–1%
South Sudan317.40329.08+11.67+4%
Southeast Asia291.86292.91+1.05<1%
Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania289.93280.40–9.53–3%
Southern Latin America554.25554.08–0.18>–1%
Southern Sub-Saharan Africa349.41348.08–1.33>–1%
Spain444.92463.69+18.77+4%
Sri Lanka301.85307.85+6.00+2%
Sub-Saharan Africa307.47308.98+1.51<1%
Sudan452.15452.80+0.65<1%
Suriname419.61421.18+1.57<1%
Sweden469.30467.41–1.89>–1%
Switzerland468.85468.55–0.30>–1%
Syria452.10453.39+1.29<1%
Taiwan307.25306.89–0.36>–1%
Tajikistan234.35232.74–1.62>–1%
Tanzania335.95341.24+5.30+2%
Thailand305.63306.91+1.28<1%
Timor295.90300.52+4.63+2%
Togo272.10274.16+2.05<1%
Tonga302.76302.51–0.25>–1%
Trinidad and Tobago419.97419.20–0.77>–1%
Tropical Latin America514.41554.73+40.32+8%
Tunisia455.67459.67+4.00<1%
Turkey342.96352.71+9.74+3%
Turkmenistan236.15233.30–2.85–1%
Uganda317.76330.35+12.59+4%
Ukraine263.10262.92–0.18>–1%
United Arab Emirates390.77386.30–4.46–1%
United Kingdom406.06406.09+0.03<1%
United States570.31573.38+3.06<1%
United States Virgin Islands428.12428.10–0.02>–1%
Uruguay555.13557.10+1.96<1%
Uzbekistan234.56234.50–0.05>–1%
Vanuatu295.97298.94+2.97+1%
Venezuela265.18264.86–0.32>–1%
Vietnam192.79192.17–0.62>–1%
Wales423.11421.79–1.32>–1%
Western Europe502.89499.26–3.63>–1%
Western Sub-Saharan Africa269.65272.36+2.70+1%
World348.53345.69–2.84>–1%
Yemen442.49446.34+3.85<1%
Zambia334.01337.31+3.30<1%
Zimbabwe286.38286.72+0.34<1%

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References

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  2. ↑ Ferrari, Alize J.; Charlson, Fiona J.; Norman, Rosana E.; Patten, Scott B.; Freedman, Greg; Murray, Christopher J.L.; Vos, Theo; Whiteford, Harvey A. (2013). "Burden of Depressive Disorders by Country, Sex, Age, and Year: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". PLOS Medicine. 10 (11): e1001547. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001547 . PMC   3818162 . PMID   24223526.
  3. ↑ Andrade L, Caraveo-A. (24 March 2006) [2003]. "The epidemiology of major depressive episodes: Results from the International Consortium of Psychiatric Epidemiology (ICPE) surveys". Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 12 (1): 3–21. doi:10.1002/mpr.138. PMC   6878531 . PMID   12830306.
  4. ↑ Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O (2003). "The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R)". JAMA . 289 (203): 3095–105. doi: 10.1001/jama.289.23.3095 . PMID   12813115.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ↑ Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE (2005). "Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication". Archives of General Psychiatry. 62 (6): 593–602. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593 . PMID   15939837.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ↑ Murphy JM, Laird NM, Monson RR, Sobol AM, Leighton AH (2000). "A 40-year perspective on the prevalence of depression: The Stirling County Study". Archives of General Psychiatry. 57 (3): 209–15. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.57.3.209 . PMID   10711905.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. 1 2 Kuehner, C (2003). "Gender differences in unipolar depression: An update of epidemiological findings and possible explanations". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 108 (3): 163–74. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00204.x. PMID   12890270. S2CID   19538251.
  8. ↑ Eaton WW, Anthony JC, Gallo J (1997). "Natural history of diagnostic interview schedule/DSM-IV major depression. The Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area follow-up". Archives of General Psychiatry. 54 (11): 993–99. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830230023003. PMID   9366655.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ↑ Rickards H (2005). "Depression in neurological disorders: Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 76 (Suppl 1): i48–i52. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2004.060426. PMC   1765679 . PMID   15718222.
  10. ↑ Rotenstein, Lisa S.; Ramos, Marco A.; Torre, Matthew; Segal, J. Bradley; Peluso, Michael J.; Guille, Constance; Sen, Srijan; Mata, Douglas A. (2016-12-06). "Prevalence of Depression, Depressive Symptoms, and Suicidal Ideation Among Medical Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". JAMA. 316 (21): 2214–2236. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.17324. ISSN   1538-3598. PMC   5613659 . PMID   27923088.
  11. ↑ Douglas A. Mata; Marco A. Ramos, Narinder Bansal, Rida Khan, Constance Guille, Emanuele Di Angelantonio & Srijan Sen (2015). "Prevalence of Depression and Depressive Symptoms Among Resident Physicians: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". JAMA . 314 (22): 2373–2383. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.15845. PMC   4866499 . PMID   26647259.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ↑ Alboni P, Favaron E, Paparella N, Sciammarella M, Pedaci M (2008). "Is there an association between depression and cardiovascular mortality or sudden death?". Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine (Hagerstown, Md.). 9 (4): 356–62. doi:10.2459/JCM.0b013e3282785240. PMID   18334889. S2CID   11051637.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ↑ Strik JJ, Honig A, Maes M (2001). "Depression and myocardial infarction: relationship between heart and mind". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 25 (4): 879–92. doi:10.1016/S0278-5846(01)00150-6. PMID   11383983. S2CID   45722423.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ↑ Jorm AF (2000). "Does old age reduce the risk of anxiety and depression? A review of epidemiological studies across the adult life span". Psychological Medicine. 30 (1): 11–22. doi:10.1017/S0033291799001452. PMID   10722172. S2CID   20822498.
  15. ↑ Psychiatry, 4th edition – Oxford University Press, 2012, by John Geddes, Jonathan Price, Rebecca McKnight page 222
  16. ↑ Stephanie A. Riolo; et al. (June 2005). "Prevalence of Depression by Race/Ethnicity: Findings From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III". American Journal of Public Health. 95 (6): 998–1000. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2004.047225. PMC   1449298 . PMID   15914823.
  17. ↑ Lopez, A. D.; Murray, C. C. (1998-11-01). "The global burden of disease, 1990–2020". Nature Medicine. 4 (11): 1241–1243. doi:10.1038/3218. ISSN   1078-8956. PMID   9809543. S2CID   205001733.
  18. ↑ Wessel Skovlund, Charlotte (September 28, 2016). "Association of Hormonal Contraception With Depression". JAMA Psychiatry. 73 (11): 1154–1162. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2387 . PMID   27680324 . Retrieved October 7, 2016.
  19. ↑ "Anxiety disorder DALYs, age-standardized rate". Our World in Data. Retrieved 2021-12-25.
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