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The Kingdom of Jerusalem, also known as the Crusader Kingdom, was one of the Crusader states established in the Levant immediately after the First Crusade. It lasted for almost two hundred years, from the accession of Godfrey of Bouillon in 1099 until the fall of Acre in 1291. Its history is divided into two periods with a brief interruption in its existence, beginning with its collapse after the siege of Jerusalem in 1187 and its restoration after the Third Crusade in 1192.
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William of Tyre was a medieval prelate and chronicler. As archbishop of Tyre, he is sometimes known as William II to distinguish him from his predecessor, William I, the Englishman, a former prior of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, who was Archbishop of Tyre from 1127 to 1135. He grew up in Jerusalem at the height of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, which had been established in 1099 after the First Crusade, and he spent twenty years studying the liberal arts and canon law in the universities of Europe.
Baldwin III was King of Jerusalem from 1143 to 1163. He was the eldest son of Queen Melisende and King Fulk. He became king while still a child, and was at first overshadowed by his mother Melisende, whom he eventually defeated in a civil war. During his reign Jerusalem became more closely allied with the Byzantine Empire, and the Second Crusade tried and failed to conquer Damascus. Baldwin captured the important Egyptian fortress of Ascalon, but also had to deal with the increasing power of Nur ad-Din in Syria. He died childless and was succeeded by his brother Amalric.
Raymond III was count of Tripoli from 1152 to 1187. He was a minor when Nizari Assassins murdered his father, Count Raymond II of Tripoli. His cousin, King Baldwin III of Jerusalem, who was staying in Tripoli, made Raymond's mother, Hodierna of Jerusalem, regent. Raymond spent the following years at the royal court in Jerusalem. He reached the age of majority in 1155, after which he participated in a series of military campaigns against Nur ad-Din, the Zengid ruler of Damascus. In 1161 he hired pirates to pillage the Byzantine coastline and islands to take vengeance on Byzantine emperor Manuel I Komnenos, who had refused to marry his sister Melisende. He was captured in the Battle of Harim by Nur ad-Din's troops on 10 August 1164, and imprisoned in Aleppo for almost ten years. During his captivity, his cousin King Amalric of Jerusalem administered the county of Tripoli on his behalf.
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Frederick of La Roche was the sixth Latin archbishop of Tyre (1164–1174), chancellor of the kingdom of Jerusalem, and the chief diplomat of King Amalric. He was a Lorrainer, from the family of the counts of La Roche.
Maria Komnene, Latinized Comnena, was the queen of Jerusalem from 1167 until 1174 as the second wife of King Amalric. She occupied a central position in the Kingdom of Jerusalem for twenty years, earning a reputation for intrigue and ruthlessness.
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The timeline of the Kingdom of Jerusalem presents important events in the history of the Kingdom of Jerusalem—a Crusader state in modern-day Israel and Jordan—in chronological order. The kingdom was established after the First Crusade in 1099. Its first ruler Godfrey of Bouillon did not take the title of king and swore fealty to the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, Daimbert. Godfrey's brother and successor Baldwin I was crowned the first king of Jerusalem without doing homage to the patriarch in 1100. By 1153, Baldwin I and his successors captured all towns on the Palestinian coast with the support of Pisan, Genoese and Venetian fleets and also took control of the caravan routes between Egypt and Syria. The kings regularly administered other crusader states—the Counties of Edessa and Tripoli and the Principality of Antioch—on behalf of their absent or underage rulers.
Peter of Barcelona was a prelate of the Catholic Church in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. He was prior of the Holy Sepulchre from 1144 to 1151 and then archbishop of Tyre until his death.
William was the bishop of Acre in the Kingdom of Jerusalem from c. 1164 until his death on 29 June 1172. He was sent on several diplomatic missions by King Amalric. He was murdered by an apparently mentally ill retainer while returning from a mission to his native Italy.
John was the bishop of Banias in the Kingdom of Jerusalem from 1161 until his death in 1170.
References
- 1 2 Hamilton 1980, p. 124.
- ↑ Hamilton 1980, p. 68.
- ↑ Hamilton 1980, p. 117.
- ↑ Hamilton 1980, p. 85.
- ↑ Hamilton 1980, pp. 124–125.
- ↑ Mayer 1972, p. 153.
- ↑ Kool 2007, p. 188.
- ↑ Mayer 1972, p. 175.
- ↑ Edbury & Rowe 1990, p. 94.
- ↑ Mayer 1972, p. 177.
- ↑ Barber 2012, p. 242.
- ↑ Hamilton 1980, p. 133.
- ↑ Barber 2012, p. 246.
- 1 2 Runciman 1952, p. 384.
- ↑ Hamilton 2000, p. 96.