Ernesto Palacio (Born 4 January 1900 in San Martin - Died 3 January 1979 in Buenos Aires) was an Argentine historian and part of a generation of right-wing nationalist intellectuals active from the 1920s. Their ideology is referred to as nacionalismo .
Palacio, who was educated at the University of Buenos Aires, was a founder of the avant-garde magazine Martin Fierro and began his political life as an anarchist. However he was attracted to nationalism because the movement promised regeneration of Argentine society and at the same time he became a fervent follower of the Roman Catholic Church. [1] The main influence in his conversion was his friend César Pico and Spanish thinker Ramiro de Maeztu, of whose writings Palacio became a follower. [2]
Following the 1930 coup d'état, Palacio briefly held the position of Minister of the Interior and Public Education in the province of San Juan. [3]
He wrote regularly for La Nueva Republica (LNR), the right-wing journal established in 1927 that formed the basis for nationalist revival in Argentina's elite. [4] Sharing editing duties with the likes of Juan Carulla, Rodolfo Irazusta and his brother Julio, Roberto de Laferrere and César Pico, the journal developed an Integralist platform based on the ideas of Leopoldo Lugones. [5] He also edited the weekly journal Nuevo Orden which first appeared in July 1940 and presented hard-line Catholic opinions. [6] An enthusiastic fascist, he sought to marry the ideology more closely with religion, arguing that a strongly religious fascist dictator could realise the dream of the "Kingdom of God on Earth". [7] As a writer for this journal, as well as in his capacity as founder and leader of the minor Partido Libertador became a leading voice for anti-British sentiment. [3] He was also a harsh critic of the contribution of indigenous people to Argentine life, and argued for a fully white country. [8]
Palacio was one of the members of his generation who became an enthusiast for Peronism and in 1946 he was elected to the Argentine Chamber of Deputies as a coalition candidate. [9] Remaining a deputy until 1952, he claimed to have joined the movement because of the authoritarianism demonstrated by Juan Perón. [3]
As a historian Palacio's best known work was his two volume Historia de la Argentina 1515-1976, the final edition of which appeared in 1979. He was also for a time the director of the literary magazine Sur . [10] As an academic he was chair of ancient and Argentine history at the Escuela Comercial de Mujeres from 1931 to 1938 and was appointed as Professor of Geography at Justo José de Urquiza College in 1942. [3]
Peronism, also known as justicialism, is an Argentine ideology and movement based on the ideas, doctrine and legacy of Argentine ruler Juan Perón (1895–1974). It has been an influential movement in 20th- and 21st-century Argentine politics. Since 1946, Peronists have won 10 out of the 14 presidential elections in which they have been allowed to run. Peronism is defined through its three flags, which are: “Economic Independence”, “Social Justice” and “Political Sovereignty”.
Mariano Grondona is an Argentine lawyer, sociologist, political scientist, essayist, and commentator. He has been a journalist for several decades, contributing to print media and television, and has authored numerous books. Additionally, he has held teaching positions in several universities, both in Argentina and abroad.
The Movimiento Nacionalista Tacuara was an Argentine far right, orthodox Peronist, and fascist movement. While officially established in 1957, its activities started in 1955, and continued through the 1960s, being integrated in Juan Perón's right-wing "Special Formations". Linked to the more radical sectors of the Peronist movement and directly inspired by Julio Meinvielle's Catholic pronouncements, Tacuara defended nationalist, Catholic, anti-liberal, anti-communist, antisemitic, and anti-democratic ideas, and had as its first model José Antonio Primo de Rivera's fascist Falange Española. In the years 1960–1966, the movement incorporated neo-Nazi elements.
Manuel Gálvez was an Argentine novelist, poet, essayist, historian and biographer.
Juan Domingo Perón was an Argentine lieutenant general, politician and statesman who served as the 35th President of Argentina from 1946 to his overthrow in 1955, and again as the 45th President from October 1973 to his death in July 1974. He is the only Argentine president elected three times, and holds the highest percentage of votes in clean elections with universal suffrage. Peron is the most important and controversial Argentine politician of the 20th century, and his influence extends to the present day. Peron's ideas, policies and movement are known as Peronism, which continues to be one of the major forces in Argentine politics.
Carlos Ibarguren was an Argentine academic, historian and politician. As a writer he was noted as one of the foremost academics of the history of Argentina as well as a leading expert on constitutional law. Politically he was initially associated with the liberal tendency amongst the country's intelligentsia before moving to far right nationalism in later life.
Rodolfo Irazusta was an Argentine writer and politician who was one of the leading lights of the nationalist movement of the 1920s and 1930s. He collaborated closely with his younger brother Julio Irazusta throughout his career.
Julio Alberto Gustavo Irazusta was an Argentine writer and politician who was one of the leading lights of the nacionalista movement of the 1920s and 1930s. He collaborated closely with his older brother Rodolfo Irazusta throughout his career.
Juan Emiliano Carulla was an Argentine physician and nationalist politician. He was most prominent under the military regime in power during the early 1930s.
Father Julio Meinvielle was an Argentine priest and prolific writer. A leading Roman Catholic Church thinker of his time, he was associated with the far right tendency within Argentine Catholic thinking. As a polemicist he had a strong influence on the development of nacionalismo.
Nimio de Anquín was an Argentine Thomist writer and fascist politician. Seeking to combine European models of fascism with his own attachment to the Catholic Church he led several movements and for a time had a strong following. Subsequently, however, he lost political influence, and his later life was mainly focused on his academic career.
The 1943 Argentine coup d'état was a coup d'état on 4 June 1943 that ended the government of Ramón Castillo, who had been fraudulently elected to the office of vice-president before succeeding to the presidency in 1942 as part of the period known as the Infamous Decade. The coup d'état was launched by the lodge of the "United Officer Groups", a secret military organization of nationalist nature. Although its soldiers shared different views of nationalism: there were Catholic nationalists, Radicals, military with a more pragmatic approach, and even fascists. The military was opposed to Governor Robustiano Patrón Costas, Castillo's hand-picked successor, a major landowner in Salta Province and a primary stockholder in the sugar industry. The only serious resistance to the military coup came from the Argentine Navy, which confronted the advancing army columns at the Navy Petty-Officers School of Mechanics.
In Argentina, there were six coups d'état during the 20th century: in 1930, 1943, 1955, 1962, 1966 and 1976. The first four established interim dictatorships, while the last two established dictatorships of permanent type on the model of a bureaucratic-authoritarian state. The latter conducted a Dirty War in the line of State terrorism, in which human rights were systematically violated and there were tens of thousands of forced disappearances.
The United Officers' Group or GOU was a nationalist secret society within the Argentine Army which staged a coup d'état in 1943 to overthrow President Ramón Castillo, thus ending the Infamous Decade and forming a military junta which lasted until 1945. Arturo Rawson was made President, but was only in office for a few days before the GOU replaced him with Pedro Pablo Ramírez.
The Argentine Fascist Party was a fascist political party in Argentina from 1932 until its official disbandment in 1936, when it was succeeded by the National Fascist Union. Founded by Italian Argentines, the party was formed as a breakaway faction from Argentina's National Fascist Party. It was based upon Italian fascism and was recognized by Benito Mussolini's National Fascist Party in 1935. In the 1930s the party became a mass movement, particularly in the Córdoba reguon. Nicholás Vitelli led the PFA's branch in Córdoba until his death in 1934, when Nimio de Anquín took the leadership of the party.
Juan Carlos Goyeneche was an Argentine Catholic nationalist politician. Also highly sympathetic to Nazism, during the Second World War Goyeneche travelled to Nazi Germany where he met a number of leading figures. He was the son of Mayor of Buenos Aires Arturo Goyeneche and the grandson of a President of Uruguay.
Fermín Lafitte was an Argentine Roman Catholic cleric, serving as Archbishop of Córdoba and, briefly, as Archbishop of Buenos Aires.
Antisemitism is the practice of showing hostility toward or discrimination against Jews as a religious, ethnic, or racial group. In Argentina antisemitism has been around since Spanish colonization in the sixteenth century, and has continued to the present day. In the twentieth century antisemitism in Argentina was particularly pervasive, especially in the World War II and post-World War II eras. In these eras Argentine antisemitism adopted Nazi antisemitism, and blended it with religious (Catholic) hostility, which allowed vehement antisemitism in Argentina to persist well into the 1970s and 1980s.
Socialism in Argentina has taken many different shapes throughout Argentina's history. Many of the country's leaders have had a socialist ideology as their political framework within Argentina and more broadly, throughout Latin America. As a result of this history, on the international podium they are recognised for their socialist history and leadership. Argentina's alignment with socialist ideology particularly during the Peronist years has further contributed to this global sentiment. Whilst there has been a history of many different socialist parties the main one to consider is the Socialist Party (Argentina). Although the history of Socialism in Argentina can be traced to specific dates, it is important to view the role it has played as part to the influence of international phenomenon such as World War I, World War II and The Malvinas War. Today, Socialism in Argentina is visible in the contemporary administrations of Néstor Kirchner and his wife and later president Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner.
Alberto Ezcurra Medrano was an Argentine historian and nationalist activist.
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
