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Country polled | Pos. | Neg. | Neutral | Pos – Neg |
---|---|---|---|---|
Turkey | 34% | 47% | 19% | -13 |
Pakistan | 20% | 29% | 51% | -9 |
Spain | 34% | 42% | 24% | -8 |
Russia | 24% | 32% | 44% | -8 |
Brazil | 33% | 39% | 28% | -6 |
Peru | 41% | 29% | 30% | +12 |
India | 33% | 20% | 47% | +13 |
Germany | 35% | 18% | 47% | +17 |
Greece | 42% | 22% | 34% | +20 |
France | 63% | 32% | 5% | +31 |
Mexico | 53% | 22% | 25% | +31 |
Indonesia | 51% | 18% | 31% | +33 |
Kenya | 69% | 20% | 11% | +49 |
China | 73% | 19% | 8% | +54 |
Canada | 73% | 18% | 9% | +55 |
Nigeria | 76% | 15% | 9% | +61 |
Australia | 76% | 15% | 9% | +61 |
United States | 79% | 10% | 11% | +69 |
Country polled | Positive | Negative | Neutral | Pos-Neg |
---|---|---|---|---|
Argentina | 29% | 39% | 32% | -10 |
Pakistan | 39% | 35% | 26% | +4 |
Spain | 41% | 36% | 23% | +5 |
Turkey | 39% | 30% | 31% | +9 |
China | 39% | 26% | 35% | +13 |
Mexico | 40% | 25% | 35% | +15 |
India | 43% | 27% | 30% | +16 |
Germany | 51% | 34% | 15% | +17 |
Peru | 41% | 21% | 38% | +20 |
Brazil | 45% | 25% | 30% | +20 |
Russia | 44% | 16% | 40% | +28 |
Chile | 45% | 15% | 40% | +30 |
Indonesia | 59% | 26% | 15% | +33 |
Israel | 50% | 6% | 44% | +44 |
Japan | 47% | 2% | 51% | +45 |
Nigeria | 67% | 22% | 11% | +45 |
United Kingdom | 72% | 23% | 5% | +49 |
France | 72% | 20% | 8% | +52 |
Australia | 73% | 18% | 9% | +54 |
South Korea | 74% | 14% | 12% | +60 |
Kenya | 74% | 10% | 16% | +64 |
Ghana | 78% | 9% | 13% | +69 |
Canada | 80% | 9% | 11% | +71 |
United States | 81% | 10% | 9% | +71 |
Anti-British sentiment is the prejudice against, persecution of, discrimination against, fear of, dislike of, or hatred against the British Government, British people, or the culture of the United Kingdom.
Anti-British sentiment in Argentina originates from the Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute and the 1982 Falklands War, as well as hostility among the Argentinian people towards British investment in Argentina together with the disproportional political influence Britain was once perceived to weild in the country, as exemplified by the controversial Roca–Runciman Treaty in 1933. [3] [ page needed ]. Due to these sentiments, protests against the government of the United Kingdom have occasionally occurred in Argentina. [4]
Gott strafe England (English: May god punish England) was an anti-British slogan coined by poet Ernst Lissauer during World War I. It was used by the Imperial German Army as well as the German public during World War I. [5] In 1946, a crowd of Germans in Hamburg chanted the song. [6]
In India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, the Indian independence movement encouraged this sentiment, which was borne out of opposition against British colonial and imperial activities in these countries, called British Raj. [7]
Anti-British sentiment, sometimes described as Anglophobia, has been described as "deeply entrenched in Iranian culture", [8] and reported to be increasingly prevalent in Iran. In July 2009, an adviser to Ayatollah Ali Khamenei called Britain "worse than America" for its alleged interference in Iran's post-election affairs. In the first half of the 20th century, the British Empire exerted political influence over Iran (Persia) in order to control the profits from the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. The British government took an active interest in Iranian affairs, being involved in the overthrow of the Qajar dynasty in the 1920s, the subsequent rise to power of Reza Shah Pahlavi, and the successful coup d'état overthrowing prime minister Mohammad Mosaddeq in 1953. [9] [10] [11]
On Monday 9 August 2010, the senior Iranian minister and Iran's first vice president Mohammad Reza Rahimi declared that the British people were "stupid" and "not human". His remarks drew criticism from Simon Gass, the British ambassador to Iran, and also from the media in Britain. [12]
In November 2011 the Iranian parliament voted to downgrade relations with the UK after British sanctions were imposed on Iran due to its nuclear programme. Iranian politicians reportedly shouted "Death to Britain". [13] On 29 November 2011, Iranian students in Tehran stormed the British embassy, ransacked offices, smashed windows, shouted "Death to England" and burned the Union Jack. [14]
Parts of the Iranian media campaigned against the reopening of the British Embassy in Tehran in August 2015, referring to Britain as an "old fox " – a term popularised by the Pakistani writer Seyyed Ahmad Adib Pishavari (born Peshawar 1844, died Tehran 1930) – and accusing Britain of having provoked protests against the re-election of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in 2009. [15]
There is a long history of anti-British prejudice and of specifically anti-English sentiment within Irish nationalism; it is rooted in Irish history starting with the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland and, even more so, in the religious persecution of the Catholic Church in Ireland from the reign of King Henry VIII until Catholic Emancipation in 1829. Much of this was grounded in the hostility felt by the largely Catholic poor for the rackrenting practices of the Anglo-Irish landlord class, who were the backbone of the Protestant Ascendancy and the anti-Catholic Whig single party state in Ireland until the late 19th century events of the Land War. At the same time, however, during the Peninsular War against the even more anti-Catholic Napoleon Bonaparte, thirty per cent of the Duke of Wellington's Army was composed of Irish Catholics. This figure rose steadily over the following decades. By 1831, forty per cent of the British Army was Irish. By the 1860s, the number peaked at sixty per cent claiming to be either Irish-born or of Irish descent. The number then gradually reduced until by the Boer War, twenty per cent of Britain's fighting men were of Irish descent. In post-famine Ireland, anti-English sentiment and anti-colonialism were adopted into the philosophy and foundation of the Irish nationalist movement. At the turn of the twentieth century, the Celtic Revival movement associated the search for a cultural and national identity with decolonisation and language revival. [16]
By 1914, the British Army numbered 247,000 troops, of whom 20,000 were Irish. There were a further 145,000 ex-regular reserves, 30,000 of which were Irish. Thus, in 1914, Irishmen made up twelve percent of the total British Army. Approximately 50,000 Irish soldiers died in the First World War, [17] including the war poets Tom Kettle and Francis Ledwidge. The subsequent events of the Easter Rising and the declaration of the Irish Republic by the First Dáil in 1919 were swiftly followed by systematic atrocities by Crown Security Forces during the Irish War of Independence, which continue to be remembered and regularly discussed in the communities where they took place. During World War II, an estimated 70,000 Irish citizens decided, despite Irish neutrality, to serve in the British Armed Forces, together with 50,000 or so from Northern Ireland. 7,500 of these lost their lives in service. Virtually all who served were volunteers. In Southern Ireland at least, decisions to volunteer and serve were mainly individual. [18]
During the Troubles (1969–1998), the sheer amount of Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) sympathy among the populace in the Republic of Ireland allowed PIRA activity to flourish in the country and use it as a base of operations against Northern Ireland and England, contributing to the longevity of the campaign. [19] [20] Hundreds of Irish citizens in the Republic joined the IRA, [21] including Martin Ferris (known for a failed plan to import weapons onboard the boat Marita Ann), Thomas McMahon (responsible for assassinating Lord Mountbatten), and Dáithí Ó Conaill (credited for introducing the car bomb to Northern Ireland). Southern Irish PIRA Volunteers, however, also included Sean O'Callaghan, who became a highly damaging mole within the organization for the Special Branch, the counterterrorism wing of the Garda Siochana.
On 2 February 1972, an angry mob, in an outraged response to Bloody Sunday committed by British paratroopers a few days earlier on 30 January and consisting of an estimated 20,000-100,000 people, burned down the British Embassy in Dublin. On 12 May 1981, during the 1981 Irish hunger strike, 2,000 people tried to storm the British Embassy in Dublin. [22]
In 2011, tensions and anti-English or anti-British feelings flared in relation to the proposed state visit of Queen Elizabeth II, the first British monarch to visit Ireland in 100 years. A republican demonstration was held at the GPO Dublin by a group of Irish Republicans on 26 February 2011, and a mock trial and decapitation of an effigy of the Queen were carried out by a republican group Éirígí. Other protests included a Dublin publican hanging a banner declaring "She and her family are all officially barred from this pub as long as the British occupy one inch of this island they will never be welcome in Ireland" during her visit. [23]
It may have been with this in mind that, during Queen Elizabeth II's state visit to Ireland in May 2011, the Queen made an official visit to the Garden of Remembrance in Dublin, which is dedicated to the generations that fought and died in the struggle for Irish independence. During her visit, Liam mac Uistín's poem An Aisling ("We Saw a Vision") was read aloud in the Irish language and the Queen also laid a wreath at the Garden in honor of glúnta na haislinge ("the generations of the vision"), whom Liam mac Uistín's poem both praises and gives a voice. The Queen's gesture was widely praised by the Irish media.
Even so, following the announcement of Queen Elizabeth II's death on 8 September 2022, a video of hardcore Shamrock Rovers fans chanting "Lizzie's in a box, in a box, Lizzie's in a box!" to the tune of KC and the Sunshine Band's "Give It Up" at a UEFA Europa Conference League group stage match in Dublin circulated on social media. [24]
The relationship between Israel and the UK is generally regarded as close and warm, [25] and as a strategic partnership of the two nations. [26] According to the a BBC World Service poll in 2014, [2] five in ten Israelis (50%) have favourable attitudes to the UK, and only 6% of Israelis hold negative views towards the UK, the second lowest percentage after Japan.
Occasional criticism is also found. In Israel, anti-British sentiment may historically stem from British rule and policies in the mandate era, and in modern times from the perceived anti-Israel stance of the British media. [27] [28] [29] [30]
The Jewish population of the United Kingdom was recorded as being 269,568 in the 2011 Census. Reacting to 609 anti-Semitic incidents across the UK in the first half of 2009, [29] and to the announcement of numerous UK organizations to impose a boycott on Israel, [30] some Israelis claimed that the UK is anti-Israeli and Antisemitic. [27] [28] According to an opinion piece by Eytan Gilboa, "the British media systematically supports the Palestinians, and openly slants its reporting about Israel and Israeli policy. The left-wing Guardian and Independent newspapers regularly print accusatory, anti-Israel editorials, and their correspondents in Israel file biased, and occasionally false, reports. The supposedly prestigious BBC has long been a sounding board to trumpet Palestinian propaganda." [30] In 2010 Ron Breiman, a former chairman of the right-wing organisation "Professors for a Strong Israel", claimed in one of Israel's leading newspapers, Haaretz , that the United Kingdom has raised and armed Israel's enemies in Jordan and the Arab Legion and described the British media as anti-Israeli. [31]
Reacting to the UK government's decision to expel an Israeli diplomat because of Mossad's forging of 12 British passports for an assassination operation in 2010, former National Union members of the Israeli parliament Michael Ben-Ari and Aryeh Eldad accused the British government of being "anti-semitic" and referred to them as "dogs". [32] [33]
Anti-British sentiments evolved in Spain following the ceding of Gibraltar to the British through the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 following the War of the Spanish Succession.[ citation needed ] In August 2013, Spain was considering forging an alliance with Argentina over the status of the Falkland Islands. [34]
President Thomas Jefferson complained of an unreasonable hostility towards the British state by the people in the United States during the Napoleonic Wars, brought about by the American Revolutionary War. [35]
During the American Civil War, anti-British sentiment in the U.S. ran rampant over the British unofficial role in supporting the Confederacy: blockade runners carrying British arms supplies, Confederate Navy commerce raiders built from British shipyards (e.g., CSS Alabama), [36] [37] [38] and British tolerance of Confederate Secret Service activities in its territories as an anti-U.S. base of military operations (such as James Dunwoody Bulloch, the Chesapeake Affair, the St. Albans Raid, and the Confederate Army of Manhattan) all in violation of British neutrality laws. [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] For example, Irish war correspondent William Howard Russell wrote in his diary on November 13, 1863, that based on his experiences in the North:
The sentiment of dislike [there] towards England is increasing, because English subjects have assisted the South by smuggling and running the blockade. [44]
The U.S. administration of President Ulysses S. Grant sued Britain in 1869 over its complicity in allowing commerce raiders to leave British ports for use against the United States Merchant Marine shipping in the Alabama Claims. Blockade runners from Britain was later added to the charge, as many U.S. officials claimed that without the arms supplies being smuggled by British subjects through the Union blockade to the Confederacy, the war would have ended by 1863, and American casualties and cost of war would have been greatly reduced. [45] [36] [37] [38] The international arbitration in Geneva in 1872 however rejected claims for compensation from the British blockade running, but did order Britain to pay $15.5 million to the U.S. as a result of damages caused by British-built Confederate commerce raiders. [36]
During the World War II alliance, anti-British sentiment took different forms. In May 1942, when conditions were highly problematic for British prospects, American journalist Edward R. Murrow privately gave a British friend an analysis of the sources of persistent anti-British sentiment in the United States. He attributed it especially to:
Senior American military officers often tried, with little success, to push against Roosevelt's support for Britain. Fleet Admiral Ernest King had been noted for these views which affected his decision-making during the "Second Happy Time" (in the Battle of the Atlantic). [47] Joseph Stilwell, a four-star general in the China, Burma and India theatre of the Second World War was another noted for anti-British views (for example, in this diaries he wrote, "Boy, will this burn up the Limeys!" when Myitkyina was finally taken). Curiously, he got on well with British military commander William Slim, even volunteering to serve under him for a time rather than under George Giffard. Slim noted that Stilwell had a public persona that differed from his private relations.
In the 21st century, the Special Relationship between the United States and the United Kingdom has come under attack by advertising executive Steven A. Grasse who published The Evil Empire: 101 Ways That England Ruined the World , [48] although this work is partly tongue in cheek and forms part of a larger media project launched by the author.
Roland Emmerich's 2000 movie The Patriot drew controversy for its depiction of British forces during the American Revolutionary War, [49] depicting them as engaging in acts such as the burning of a church with civilians inside it in the Thirteen Colonies during the American Revolution. The Liverpool City Council went on to claim that the film misrepresented British general Banastre Tarleton and sought an apology from the producers. [50] Other commentators noted that a similar incident was committed by German troops in the Oradour-sur-Glane massacre in World War II, and suggested that the film producers may have had, consciously or subconsciously, an anti-British agenda in changing the nationalities and relocating the event to an earlier and different conflict [51] [52] and one stated that it was similar to a "blood libel". [53]
The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States between the Union and the Confederacy, which had been formed by states that had seceded from the Union. The central conflict leading to the war was the dispute over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into the western territories, leading to more slave states, or be prevented from doing so, which many believed would place slavery on a course of ultimate extinction.
The Confederate States of America (CSA), commonly referred to as the Confederate States (C.S.), the Confederacy, or the South, was an unrecognized breakaway republic in the Southern United States that existed from February 8, 1861, to May 9, 1865. The Confederacy comprised eleven U.S. states that declared secession and warred against the United States during the American Civil War. The states are South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina.
The Falklands War was a ten-week undeclared war between Argentina and the United Kingdom in 1982 over two British dependent territories in the South Atlantic: the Falkland Islands and its territorial dependency, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The conflict began on 2 April 1982, when Argentina invaded and occupied the Falkland Islands, followed by the invasion of South Georgia the next day. On 5 April, the British government dispatched a naval task force to engage the Argentine Navy and Air Force before making an amphibious assault on the islands. The conflict lasted 74 days and ended with an Argentine surrender on 14 June, returning the islands to British control. In total, 649 Argentine military personnel, 255 British military personnel, and three Falkland Islanders were killed during the hostilities.
This article deals with the diplomatic affairs, foreign policy and international relations of the Argentine Republic. At the political level, these matters are handled by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, also known as the Cancillería, which answers to the President. The current Minister of Foreign Affairs, since December 2023, is Chancellor Diana Mondino.
Anti-English sentiment, also known as Anglophobia, refers to opposition, dislike, fear, hatred, oppression, persecution, and discrimination of English people and/or England. It can be observed in various contexts within the United Kingdom and in countries outside of it. In the UK, Benjamin Disraeli and George Orwell highlighted anti-English sentiments among Welsh, Irish, and Scottish nationalisms. In Scotland, Anglophobia is influenced by Scottish identity. Football matches and tournaments often see manifestations of anti-English sentiment, including assaults and attacks on English individuals. In Wales, historical factors such as English language imposition and cultural suppression have contributed to anti-English sentiment. In Northern Ireland, anti-English sentiment arises from complex historical and political dynamics, including the IRA's targeting of England during the Troubles.
The Alabama Claims were a series of demands for damages sought by the government of the United States from the United Kingdom in 1869, for the attacks upon Union merchant ships by Confederate Navy commerce raiders built in British shipyards during the American Civil War. The claims focused chiefly on the most famous of these raiders, the CSS Alabama, which took more than sixty prizes before she was sunk off the French coast in 1864.
This is a list of aviation-related events from 1982.
The Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, also known as the Elgin–Marcy Treaty, was a treaty between the United Kingdom and the United States that applied to British North America, including the Province of Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland Colony. The treaty covered raw materials; in effect from 1854 to 1866, it represented a move toward free trade and was opposed by protectionist elements in the United States.
A blockade runner is a merchant vessel used for evading a naval blockade of a port or strait. It is usually light and fast, using stealth and speed rather than confronting the blockaders in order to break the blockade. Blockade runners usually transport cargo, for example bringing food or arms to a blockaded city. They have also carried mail in an attempt to communicate with the outside world.
The Union blockade in the American Civil War was a naval strategy by the United States to prevent the Confederacy from trading.
"King Cotton" is a slogan that summarized the strategy used before the American Civil War by secessionists in the southern states to claim the feasibility of secession and to prove there was no need to fear a war with the northern states. The theory held that control over cotton exports would make a proposed independent Confederacy economically prosperous, would ruin the textile industry of New England, and—most importantly—would force the United Kingdom and perhaps France to support the Confederacy militarily because their industrial economies depended on Southern cotton.
Sovereignty over the Falkland Islands is disputed by Argentina and the United Kingdom. The British claim to sovereignty dates from 1690, when they made the first recorded landing on the islands, and the United Kingdom has exercised de facto sovereignty over the archipelago almost continuously since 1833. Argentina has long disputed this claim, having been in control of the islands for a few years prior to 1833. The dispute escalated in 1982, when Argentina invaded the islands, precipitating the Falklands War.
Henry Hotze was a Swiss American propagandist for the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. He acted as a Confederate agent in Great Britain, attempting to build support for the Southern cause there. Hotze attempted to use liberal arguments of self-determination in favor of national independence, echoing the failed European revolutions of 1848. He also promised that the Confederacy would be a low-tariff nation in contrast to the high-tariff United States, and he emphasized the consequences of cotton shortages for the industrial workers in Britain, as caused by the Union blockade of Southern ports.
The Falkland Islands is an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean on the Patagonian Shelf. The principal islands are about 300 mi (480 km) east of South America's southern Patagonian coast and about 752 mi (1,210 km) from Cape Dubouzet at the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, at a latitude of about 52°S. The archipelago, with an area of 4,700 sq mi (12,000 km2), comprises East Falkland, West Falkland, and 776 smaller islands. As a British overseas territory, the Falklands have internal self-governance, but the United Kingdom takes responsibility for their defence and foreign affairs. The capital and largest settlement is Stanley on East Falkland.
This is a list of topics related to racism:
Foreign relations between the Argentine Republic and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland have existed for over two centuries.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland remained officially neutral throughout the American Civil War (1861–1865). It legally recognized the belligerent status of the Confederate States of America (CSA) but never recognized it as a nation and neither signed a treaty with it nor ever exchanged ambassadors. Over 90 percent of Confederate trade with Britain ended, causing a severe shortage of cotton by 1862. Private British blockade runners sent munitions and luxuries to Confederate ports in return for cotton and tobacco. In Manchester, the massive reduction of available American cotton caused an economic disaster referred to as the Lancashire Cotton Famine. Despite the high unemployment, some Manchester cotton workers refused out of principle to process any cotton from America, leading to direct praise from President Lincoln, whose statue in Manchester bears a plaque which quotes his appreciation for the textile workers in "helping abolish slavery". Top British officials debated offering to mediate in the first 18 months, which the Confederacy wanted but the United States strongly rejected.
Anti-Chilean sentiment or chilenophobia refers to the historical and current resentment towards Chile, Chileans, or Chilean culture. Anti-Chilean sentiment is most prevalent among Chile's neighbors Argentina, Bolivia and Peru.
Nigel Robert Haywood is a British diplomat, who served as British ambassador to Estonia from 2003 until 2008 and Governor of the Falkland Islands from 2010 until 2014.
Charles Kuhn Prioleau (1827–1887) was an American cotton merchant who became the senior partner of Fraser, Trenholm & Company in Liverpool, England, a firm that functioned as the European banker of the Confederacy and was its major supplier for arms and military ware during the American Civil War. As a firm that frequently acted as the European banker of the Confederacy it often extended it credit, and was sometimes referred to as "the Confederate Embassy in England".