Anti-Chilean sentiment

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An example of expressions of Bolivian irredentism over territorial losses in the War of the Pacific (1879-1884). In the mural it is written; "What once was ours, will be ours once again", and "Hold fast rotos (Chileans), for here come the Colorados of Bolivia" BoliviaChile.jpg
An example of expressions of Bolivian irredentism over territorial losses in the War of the Pacific (1879–1884). In the mural it is written; "What once was ours, will be ours once again", and "Hold fast rotos (Chileans), for here come the Colorados of Bolivia"

Anti-Chilean sentiment (Spanish: antichilenismo) or Chilenophobia (Spanish : chilenofobia) refers to the historical and current resentment towards Chile, Chileans, or Chilean culture. Anti-Chilean sentiment is most prevalent among Chile's neighbors Argentina, Bolivia and Peru. Most recently even wider anti-Chilean sentiment comes from countries such as Colombia, Haiti and Venezuela.

Contents

One of the historic causes of anti-Chilean sentiment is the perceived Chilean expansionism that took place during the 19th century when Chile won the War of the Pacific. The sentiment also applied to Chilean immigration in Argentina and the United States.

History

Argentina

Despite no war erupting between the two nations, there have been elements of anti-Chilean sentiment in Argentina in the past and present.[ citation needed ] Anti-Chilean sentiment in Argentina can be blamed on the historical and ongoing border disputes in the Patagonia region.[ citation needed ] In addition, the events that occurred during the Beagle conflict in 1978 resulted in many anti-Chilean speeches and rhetoric in the Argentine media.[ citation needed ] Argentine General Luciano Benjamin Menendez was a leading advocate for war during the conflict and was known[ by whom? ] for his aggressive and vulgar discourse against Chileans. [1] [ original research? ]

Bolivia

In Bolivia, anti-Chilean sentiment is fueled by Bolivian claims for territory in the Pacific coast.[ citation needed ] A common political discourse attributes[ citation needed ] Bolivia's underdevelopment to its loss of seaports in the War of the Pacific becoming thus a landlocked country. This anti-Chilean sentiment has been exploited by Bolivian politicians for more than a century [2]

Peru

In Peru when the War of the Pacific began in 1879, Peru changed the name "marinera"-its national dance since 1986-from "chilena" to "marinera". [3] [4] The Peruvian government expelled Chilean citizens from their lands in 1879, the question of the sovereignty of Tacna and Arica. President Augusto Leguía used the term "Captive Provinces" in order to win over the inhabitants of the disputed provinces to Peru. [5] [6] Later, the occupation of Lima, the province of Tacna and the massacres against Peruvian civilians by Chilean soldiers increased anti-Chilean sentiment in those areas. [7]

The defeat in the war rooted a strong anti-Chilean sentiment in much of Peruvian society and Peru was plunged into a period of instability and backwardness that, according to many authors, came to question its very viability as a country during the period of National Reconstruction (1883-1895). Every October 8, the naval battle of Angamos is commemorated with a national holiday, when Miguel Grau died, recognized as the "Greatest hero of Peru". [8] From 1968 to 1980 during the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces, General Juan Velasco Alvarado again used the term captive provinces to refer to the territories that today comprise the Chilean regions of Arica and Parinacota and Tarapacá. [9]

In 2006, the Commander-in-Chief of the Peruvian Army, Edwin Donayre, stated, "I have given the order that any Chilean who enters will no longer leave, they will leave in a box. If there are not enough boxes, they will leave in plastic bag" (Spanish : «He dado la consigna que chileno que entra ya no sale, saldrá en cajón. Si no hay suficientes cajones, saldrán en bolsas de plástico»), [10] causing laughter among those present. Then-Peruvian presidential candidate Ollanta Humala gave a speech that was described in Chile as anti-Chilean. [11] The football technique known to Spanish speakers as "chilena" is called "chalaca" in Peru. The Chilean anthem is booed in Peru prior to football matches between the senior national teams. [12] In 2017, the Peruvian national football team celebrated their qualification for the 2018 World Cup with the chant, "He who doesn't jump is a Chilean!" (Spanish : «¡El que no salta es un chileno!») started by Christian Cueva, since the Chilean national football team is considered there as their "greatest rival" and was the most shouted by their fans. [13] La Razón is recognized as the "most anti-Chilean newspaper in Peru", founded as part of the chicha press. [14] [15]

Citizens of multiple countries also believe they have been economically exploited by Chilean businesses over the last decade, which have taken over large market shares of various consumer businesses, especially retail (Cencosud, Falabella, Ripley) and banking.[ citation needed ]Ironically, Peruvian and Bolivian citizens constitute the bigger immigrant groups in Chile [16]

Outside from South America

Outside of South America during the California Gold Rush, Chileans experienced a high degree of anti-Chilean sentiment by United States miners. Chilean businesses and mine workers were usually harassed and at times violently attacked. [17] [18]

Anti-Chilean terminology

In Argentina the word Chilote is the degrading term for Chileans, [19] instead of Chileno which is the correct word for Chilean. Normally a Chilote is an inhabitant of the Archipelago of Chiloé (part of Chile) and so Chileans do not feel it is an insult, but it is rather as ignorance from Argentinians since in Argentina, the word has been picked up to describe any Chilean.[ citation needed ] But they really feel insulted when Argentines refer to them as traitor, mainly for a widespread feeling of betrayal that they felt while Chile offered support to United Kingdom during the Falklands War in 1982.[ citation needed ]

In Peru and Bolivia, the word roto ("tattered") is used to refer disdainfully to Chileans. The term roto was first applied to Spanish conquerors in Chile, who were badly dressed and preferred military strength over intellect. [20] In modern usage, roto is an offensive term used to disparage the ill-mannered mentally-broken people or those whom the speaker wishes to associate with the ill-mannered. [21]

Rotos chilenos and Chilenos rotos later applied to "broken and impoverished" lower classes (generally peasants). The terms were first applied to Chileans during the War of the Confederation; specifically, Chilean soldiers received the name from Peruvian soldiers. [22] The term later became used by Chileans themselves in praise of the conscript soldiers of the Pacific War era, to indicate determination despite adversity. [22] [23] [24]

See also

References

  1. ↑ See Diario El Centro Archived 5 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine , Chile, also in Diario Página12 «Si nos dejan atacar a los chilotes, los corremos hasta la isla de Pascua, el brindis de fin de año lo hacemos en el Palacio La Moneda y después iremos a mear el champagne en el Pacífico» ("If they let us attack the Chileans, we'll chase them to Easter Island, we'll drink the New Year's Eve toast in the Palacio de La Moneda, and then we'll piss the champagne into the Pacific.")
  2. ↑ Zwier, Paul J., ed. (2013), "How to Stop the Bickering before War Breaks Out: Bolivia, Chile, and Peru" , Principled Negotiation and Mediation in the International Arena: Talking with Evil, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 217–272, doi:10.1017/cbo9781139208680.005, ISBN   978-1-139-20868-0 , retrieved 10 November 2020
  3. ↑ Robles Mendoza, Román (2000). "Introducción de las bandas de músicos en el Perú". La banda de músicos: Las bellas artes musicales en el sur de Ancash (PDF). Lima: Universidad Mayor de San Marcos - Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. pp. 74–75. Retrieved 20 November 2018. La marinera, que viene de la jota aragonesa, de la zamacueca y de la chilena, se desliga de su nombre anterior, como consecuencia de la guerra con Chile y asume una connotación nacionalista para convertirse en una versión de música peruana con identidad propia.
    [...] Habiéndose transformado de la zamacueca a la chilena, se queda con la denominación de la marinera después de la guerra con Chile. La primera composición que lleva este nombre es La zamba que luego cambia de nombre por La conche'perla, una composición musical de José Alvarado y letra de Abelardo Gamarra "El tunante". Gamarra cambia el nombre de la chilena por el de Marinería, en homenaje a las hazañas del Almirante Miguel Grau. Llevada al pentagrama y cantada por [...] Rosa Mercedes, La conche' perla viene a ser la piedra angular de uno de los bailes populares más importantes de nuestro criollismo musical. En el siglo XX se difundió la marinera con nuevas connotaciones nacionalistas a lo largo del país, formando incluso variantes de marinera limeña, marinera norteña y marineras serranas por regiones
  4. ↑ Holzmann, Rodolfo (1966). Panorama de la música tradicional del Perú (1.ª ed.). Lima: Casa Mozart. El nombre de "marinera" surgió del fervor patriótico de 1879, año en que don Abelardo Gamarra, "El Tunante", bautizó con él a la hasta entonces "chilena", en homenaje a nuestra Marina de Guerra
  5. ↑ "Perú, problema y posibilidad: y otros ensayos". Fundación Biblioteca Ayacucho. 1992. ISBN   978-980-276-216-3 . Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  6. ↑ "El plebiscito sobre el destino de Tacna y Arica, como solución jurídica a un conflicto bélico". Scielo. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  7. ↑ Rivera Olguín, Patricio (2016). "Fantasmas de rojo y azul. Los saqueos de las tropas chilenas en la guerra del Pacífico". Anuario Colombiano de Historia Social y de la Cultura. 43 (1). ISSN   2256-5647 . Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  8. ↑ "Batalla de Angamos: Por qué Perú conmemora todos los años una derrota (Y qué consecuencias tuvo para la Guerra del Pacífico)". BBC News Mundo.
  9. ↑ "Velasco estaba decidido a recuperar Arica". El Centinela. Archived from the original on 10 September 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  10. ↑ ""He dado la consigna: Chileno que entre en Perú, ya no sale"". El País. 26 November 2008.
  11. ↑ Chile: Califican de belicista y antichileno discurso de Ollanta Humala.
  12. ↑ "Hinchas de Perú abuchean el himno de Chile". 14 October 2015.
  13. ↑ "Noticias de Deportes hoy".
  14. ↑ "[Fotos] La historia de La Razón: El diario más antichileno de Perú". Publimetro Chile (in Spanish). 23 January 2014. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
  15. ↑ Lopez, Edison (16 January 2008). "Peru disputes boundary with Chile". USA Today. Lima, Peru. There is strong anti-Chilean sentiment in Peru because the country lost a large chunk of its southern territory to Chile in a war in 1879.
  16. ↑ "Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional | SIIT | Chile y la migración: Los extranjeros en Chile".
  17. ↑ "The Gold Rush", American Experience , PBS, archived from the original on 6 September 2012
  18. ↑ Kowalewski, Michael (1997). Gold Rush: A Literary Exploration . Heyday Books. ISBN   0930588991.
  19. ↑ Drake, Paul W. (August 2003), "Citizenship, Labour Markets, and Democratization: Chile and the Modern Sequence" (PDF), Hispanic American Historical Review, 83 (3): 604–605, doi:10.1215/00182168-83-3-604, S2CID   154285881, lingering racial stereotypes and derogatory terms (chilote) hindered full assimilation
  20. ↑ Larraín, Jorge (2001). Identidad Chilena. Santiago, Chile: LOM. p. 148. ISBN   956-282-399-7.
  21. ↑ "roto" at Diccionario de la Real Academia Española (in Spanish)
  22. 1 2 Frazier, Lessie Jo (2007). Salt in the Sand. Duke University Press. p. 109. ISBN   978-0822340034 . Retrieved 21 January 2013. Roto had long been a derogatory term...
  23. ↑ Plath, Oreste. Epopeya del "roto" chileno (in Spanish)
  24. ↑ Gutiérrez, Horacio. Exaltación del mestizo: la invención del roto chileno (in Spanish)
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