Extinction (neurology)

Last updated

Extinction is a neurological disorder that impairs the ability to simultaneously perceive multiple stimuli of the same type. Extinction is usually caused by damage resulting in lesions on one side of the brain.

Contents

Effect of the laterality of the sensory inputs

"Right hemisphere of the brain" Gray742.png
"Right hemisphere of the brain"

[1] [2]

Theories of unilateral extinction

[3] [4]

Research and characteristics of extinction

In addition to revealing the critical lesion sites associated with the various clinical manifestations of visual neglect, a key message of the current investigation is that there is a need to develop more sensitive and nuanced assessment tools to characterize the different facets of this heterogeneous syndrome. It will be important to bring laboratory tests into the clinic in an effort to identify specific cognitive functions by examining each in isolation thus combining more specific descriptions extinction with better clinical measures that isolate specific cognitive functions to yield more consistent lesion mapping results in the future. [5]

Physiology/characteristics

[6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]

Types

Tactile

[12] [13] [14]

Visual extinction

Visual or spatial extinction, also known as pseudohemianopia, is the inability to perceive two simultaneous stimuli in each visual field. [15] [16] In visual extinction this attentional deficit in perception applies mainly to attention in the relevant dimension. Visual extinction is greatest when objects either have the same color or the same shape.

Studies suggest that brain damage to the parietal lobe causes sensory neglect and that in turn causes extinction. [17] Any kind of brain damage, such as stroke, brain tissue death, or tumors, can lead to neglect and cause unilateral damage to one side of the parietal lobe. Overall, a person with parietal brain damage still has intact visual fields.

One way to reduce the effects of extinction is to use grouping of items. Brightness- and edge- based grouping both reduce visual extinction, and the effect is additive. [15] Grouping with similar shapes also reduces the effects of extinction. This suggests that the attentional deficit in extinction can be compensated, at least in part, by the brain's object recognition systems.

While the parietal lobe deals with sensation and perception, the amygdala controls the perception of fear and emotion. This is because the ability of the amygdala to perceive fear is autonomous (without conscious effort and attention). However, perception of fear can become habituated, so efforts to reduce extinction by use of the amygdala can be unreliable.[ citation needed ]

Auditory extinction

Auditory extinction is the failure to hear simultaneous stimuli on the left and right sides. This extinction is also caused by brain damage on one side of the brain where awareness is lost on the contralesional side. Affected people report the presence of side-specific phonemes, albeit extinguishing them at the same time. This indicates that auditory extinction, like other forms of extinction, is more about acknowledging a stimulus in the contralesional side than it is about the actual sensing of the stimulus. [18]

When it comes to treating and recognizing the occurrence of auditory extinction, most sound can still be perceived with the other ear. By nature, sound possesses directionality but still fills space, and these qualities make it more amenable to misattribution of source location. [19] This is called the 'prior entry' effect: when a stimulus occurring at an attended location receives privileged access to awareness relative to one occurring at an unattended location. [20]

References

  1. ↑ Bellas, DN.; Novelly, RA.; Eskenazi, B. (1989). "Olfactory lateralization and identification in right hemisphere lesion and control patients". Neuropsychologia. 27 (9): 1187–91. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(89)90101-2. PMID   2812301. S2CID   42962335.
  2. ↑ Berlucchi, G.; Moro, V.; Guerrini, C.; Aglioti, SM. (2004). "Dissociation between taste and tactile extinction on the tongue after right brain damage". Neuropsychologia. 42 (8): 1007–16. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.01.003. PMID   15093140. S2CID   24650285.
  3. ↑ Driver, J.; Vuilleumier, P. (Apr 2001). "Perceptual awareness and its loss in unilateral neglect and extinction". Cognition. 79 (1–2): 39–88. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.513.2844 . doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(00)00124-4. PMID   11164023. S2CID   7471186.
  4. ↑ de Haan, Bianca; Karnath, Hans-Otto; Driver, Jon (May 2012). "Mechanisms and anatomy of unilateral extinction after brain injury" . Neuropsychologia. 50 (6): 1045–1053. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.02.015. PMID   22608081.
  5. ↑ De Renzi, E.; Gentilini, M.; Pattacini, F. (1984). "Auditory extinction following hemisphere damage". Neuropsychologia. 22 (6): 733–44. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(84)90099-x. PMID   6527764. S2CID   37984842.
  6. ↑ de Haan, B.; Karnath, HO.; Driver, J. (May 2012). "Mechanisms and anatomy of unilateral extinction after brain injury". Neuropsychologia. 50 (6): 1045–53. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.02.015. PMID   22608081. S2CID   6030955.
  7. ↑ Vaishnavi, S.; Calhoun, J.; Southwood, MH.; Chatterjee, A. (Feb 2000). "Sensory and response interference by ipsilesional stimuli in tactile extinction". Cortex. 36 (1): 81–92. doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70838-4. PMID   10728899. S2CID   4480070.
  8. ↑ Herzmann, Grit; Jin, Mingwu; Cordes, Dietmar; Curran, Tim (September 2012). "A within-subject ERP and fMRI investigation of orientation-specific recognition memory for pictures". Cognitive Neuroscience. 3 (3–4): 174–192. doi:10.1080/17588928.2012.669364. ISSN   1758-8928. PMC   3439853 . PMID   22984367.
  9. ↑ Hubbard, E., Piazza, M., Pinel, P. et al. Interactions between number and space in parietal cortex. Nat Rev Neurosci 6, 435–448 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1684
  10. ↑ Laura Crucianelli, Arran T Reader, H Henrik Ehrsson, Subcortical contributions to the sense of body ownership, Brain, Volume 147, Issue 2, February 2024, Pages 390–405, https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awad359
  11. ↑ Bellas, DN.; Novelly, RA.; Eskenazi, B.; Wasserstein, J. (1988). "The nature of unilateral neglect in the olfactory sensory system". Neuropsychologia. 26 (1): 45–52. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(88)90029-2. PMID   3362344. S2CID   37877926.
  12. ↑ Brozzoli, C.; Demattè, ML.; Pavani, F.; Frassinetti, F.; Farnè, A. (2006). "Neglect and extinction: within and between sensory modalities". Restor Neurol Neurosci. 24 (4–6): 217–32. PMID   17119300.
  13. ↑ Sarri, M.; Blankenburg, F.; Driver, J. (2006). "Neural correlates of crossmodal visual-tactile extinction and of tactile awareness revealed by fMRI in a right-hemisphere stroke patient". Neuropsychologia. 44 (12): 2398–410. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.04.032. PMID   16765998. S2CID   32827934.
  14. ↑ Sarter, M.; Markowitsch, HJ. (1983). "Reduced resistance to progressive extinction in senescent rats: a neuroanatomical and behavioral study". Neurobiol Aging. 4 (3): 203–15. doi:10.1016/0197-4580(83)90022-2. PMID   6669192. S2CID   3983553.
  15. 1 2 Iain D. Gilchrist, Glyn W. Humphreys & M. Jane Riddoch (1996): Grouping and Extinction: Evidence for Low-level Modulation of Visual Selection, Cognitive Neuropsychology, 13:8, 1223–1249
  16. ↑ Baylis, Gordon C., Jon Driver, and Robert D. Rafal. "Visual Extinction and Stimulus Repetition." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 5.4 (2007): 453-66.
  17. ↑ Vuilleumier, P.; Armony, JL.; Clarke, K.; Husain, M.; Driver, J.; Dolan, RJ. (2002). "Neural response to emotional faces with and without awareness: event-related fMRI in a parietal patient with visual extinction and spatial neglect". Neuropsychologia. 40 (12): 2156–66. doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00045-3. hdl: 21.11116/0000-0001-9FA4-3 . PMID   12208011. S2CID   141389.
  18. ↑ De Renzi, E.; Gentilini, M.; Barbieri, C. (May 1989). "Auditory neglect". J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 52 (5): 613–7. doi:10.1136/jnnp.52.5.613. PMC   1032175 . PMID   2732732.
  19. ↑ Deouell, LY.; Soroker, N. (Sep 2000). "What is extinguished in auditory extinction?". NeuroReport. 11 (13): 3059–62. doi:10.1097/00001756-200009110-00046. PMID   11006994. S2CID   15176397.
  20. ↑ Karnath, HO.; Zimmer, U.; Lewald, J. (2002). "Impaired perception of temporal order in auditory extinction". Neuropsychologia. 40 (12): 1977–82. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.509.1489 . doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00061-1. PMID   12207995. S2CID   364110.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.