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Marxism–Leninism is a communist ideology that became the largest faction of the communist movement in the world in the years following the October Revolution. It was the predominant ideology of most socialist governments throughout the 20th century. Developed in Russia by the Bolsheviks,it was the state ideology of the Soviet Union,Soviet satellite states in the Eastern Bloc,and various countries in the Non-Aligned Movement and Third World during the Cold War,as well as the Communist International after Bolshevisation. Today,Marxism–Leninism is the ideology of the ruling parties of China,Cuba,Laos and Vietnam,as well as many other Communist parties. The state ideology of North Korea is derived from Marxism–Leninism. Marxist–Leninist states are commonly referred to as "communist states" by Western academics. Marxist–Leninists reject anarchism and left communism,as well as reformist socialism and social democracy. They oppose fascism and liberal democracy,and are self-proclaimed anti-imperialists. Marxism–Leninism holds that a two-stage communist revolution is needed to replace capitalism. A vanguard party,organized through democratic centralism,would seize power on behalf of the proletariat and establish a one-party socialist state,called the dictatorship of the proletariat. The state would control the means of production,suppress opposition,counter-revolution,and the bourgeoisie,and promote Soviet collectivism,to pave the way for an eventual communist society that would be classless and stateless.
A communist state,also known as a Marxist–Leninist state,is a one-party state that is administered and governed by a communist party guided by Marxism–Leninism. Marxism–Leninism was the state ideology of the Soviet Union,the Comintern after Bolshevisation and the communist states within the Comecon,the Eastern Bloc,and the Warsaw Pact. Marxism–Leninism currently still remains the ideology of a few parties around the world. After its peak when many communist states were established,the Revolutions of 1989 brought down most of the communist states,however,it is still the official ideology of the ruling parties of China,Cuba,Laos,Vietnam,and to a lesser extent,North Korea. During most of the 20th century,before the Revolutions of 1989,around one-third of the world's population lived under communist states.
The term "Soviet empire" collectively refers to the world's territories that the Soviet Union dominated politically,economically,and militarily. This phenomenon,particularly in the context of the Cold War,is also called Soviet imperialism by Sovietologists to describe the extent of the Soviet Union's hegemony over the Second World.
The Communist International (Comintern),also known as the Third International,was an international organization founded in 1919 that advocated world communism,and which was led and controlled by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The Comintern resolved at its Second Congress in 1920 to "struggle by all available means,including armed force,for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and the creation of an international Soviet republic as a transition stage to the complete abolition of the state". The Comintern was preceded by the dissolution of the Second International in 1916.
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies,the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. The term cold war is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two superpowers,but they each supported opposing sides in major regional conflicts known as proxy wars. The conflict was based on the ideological and geopolitical struggle for global influence by these two superpowers,following their roles as the Allies of World War II that led to victory against Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in 1945. Aside from the nuclear arms race and conventional military deployment,the struggle for dominance was expressed via indirect means,such as psychological warfare,propaganda campaigns,espionage,far-reaching embargoes,sports diplomacy,and technological competitions like the Space Race.
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The Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship,Alliance and Mutual Assistance,or Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance for short,was a bilateral treaty of alliance,collective security,aid and cooperation concluded between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on February 14,1950. It superseded the previous Sino-Soviet treaty signed by the Kuomintang government.
The history of the People's Republic of China details the history of mainland China since 1 October 1949,when CCP chairman Mao Zedong proclaimed the People's Republic of China (PRC) from atop Tiananmen,after a near complete victory (1949) by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in the Chinese Civil War. The PRC is the most recent political entity to govern mainland China,preceded by the Republic of China and thousands of years of monarchical dynasties. The paramount leaders have been Mao Zedong (1949-1976);Hua Guofeng (1976-1978);Deng Xiaoping (1978-1989);Jiang Zemin (1989-2002);Hu Jintao (2002-2012);and Xi Jinping.
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The Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers' Parties,commonly known as Cominform,was a co-ordination body of Marxist-Leninist communist parties in Europe during the early Cold War that was formed in part as a replacement of the Communist International. The Cominform was dissolved during de-Stalinization in 1956.
During the 1920s and 1930s the Soviet government forcibly transferred thousands of Chinese nationals and ethnic Chinese Soviet citizens from the Russian Far East,Most of the deportees were relocated to the Chinese province of Xinjiang and Soviet-controlled Central Asia. Although there were more than 70,000 Chinese living in the Russian Far East in 1926,the Chinese had become almost extinct in the region by the 1940s. To date,the detailed history of the removal of Chinese diasporas in the region remains to be uncovered and deciphered from the Soviet records.
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References
- ↑ Litten, Frederick S. (1994). "The Noulens Affair". The China Quarterly. 138 (138): 492–512. doi:10.1017/S0305741000035852. ISSN 0305-7410. JSTOR 654954. S2CID 154080044 . Retrieved 28 December 2020.
- ↑ Yang Kuisong (2020). "Exporting Revolution Against the Backdrop of the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between China and the Soviet Union". A Short History of Sino-Soviet Relations, 1917–1991. China Connections. pp. 3–18. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-8641-1_1. ISBN 978-981-13-8640-4. S2CID 211340779.
