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In condensed matter physics, a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter that is typically formed when a gas of bosons at very low densities is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero. Under such conditions, a large fraction of bosons occupy the lowest quantum state, at which microscopic quantum mechanical phenomena, particularly wavefunction interference, become apparent macroscopically.
Metallic hydrogen is a phase of hydrogen in which it behaves like an electrical conductor. This phase was predicted in 1935 on theoretical grounds by Eugene Wigner and Hillard Bell Huntington.
In condensed matter physics, a quasiparticle is a concept used to describe a collective behavior of a group of particles that can be treated as if they were a single particle. Formally, quasiparticles and collective excitations are closely related phenomena that arise when a microscopically complicated system such as a solid behaves as if it contained different weakly interacting particles in vacuum.
Mott insulators are a class of materials that are expected to conduct electricity according to conventional band theories, but turn out to be insulators. These insulators fail to be correctly described by band theories of solids due to their strong electron–electron interactions, which are not considered in conventional band theory. A Mott transition is a transition from a metal to an insulator, driven by the strong interactions between electrons. One of the simplest models that can capture Mott transition is the Hubbard model.
Bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide (BSCCO, pronounced bisko), is a type of cuprate superconductor having the generalized chemical formula Bi2Sr2Can−1CunO2n+4+x, with n = 2 being the most commonly studied compound (though n = 1 and n = 3 have also received significant attention). Discovered as a general class in 1988, BSCCO was the first high-temperature superconductor which did not contain a rare-earth element.
Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) is an experimental technique used in condensed matter physics to probe the allowed energies and momenta of the electrons in a material, usually a crystalline solid. It is based on the photoelectric effect, in which an incoming photon of sufficient energy ejects an electron from the surface of a material. By directly measuring the kinetic energy and emission angle distributions of the emitted photoelectrons, the technique can map the electronic band structure and Fermi surfaces. ARPES is best suited for the study of one- or two-dimensional materials. It has been used by physicists to investigate high-temperature superconductors, graphene, topological materials, quantum well states, and materials exhibiting charge density waves.
In physics, a quantum vortex represents a quantized flux circulation of some physical quantity. In most cases, quantum vortices are a type of topological defect exhibited in superfluids and superconductors. The existence of quantum vortices was first predicted by Lars Onsager in 1949 in connection with superfluid helium. Onsager reasoned that quantisation of vorticity is a direct consequence of the existence of a superfluid order parameter as a spatially continuous wavefunction. Onsager also pointed out that quantum vortices describe the circulation of superfluid and conjectured that their excitations are responsible for superfluid phase transitions. These ideas of Onsager were further developed by Richard Feynman in 1955 and in 1957 were applied to describe the magnetic phase diagram of type-II superconductors by Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov. In 1935 Fritz London published a very closely related work on magnetic flux quantization in superconductors. London's fluxoid can also be viewed as a quantum vortex.
Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS) is an experimental tool for studying the vibrations of molecular adsorbates on metal oxides. It yields vibrational spectra of the adsorbates with high resolution (< 0.5 meV) and high sensitivity (< 1013 molecules are required to provide a spectrum). An additional advantage is the fact that optically forbidden transitions may be observed as well. Within IETS, an oxide layer with molecules adsorbed on it is put between two metal plates. A bias voltage is applied between the two contacts. An energy diagram of the metal-oxide-metal device under bias is shown in the top figure. The metal contacts are characterized by a constant density of states, filled up to the Fermi energy. The metals are assumed to be equal. The adsorbates are situated on the oxide material. They are represented by a single bridge electronic level, which is the upper dashed line. If the insulator is thin enough, there is a finite probability that the incident electron tunnels through the barrier. Since the energy of the electron is not changed by this process, it is an elastic process. This is shown in the left figure.
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Quantum anomalous Hall effect (QAHE) is the "quantum" version of the anomalous Hall effect. While the anomalous Hall effect requires a combination of magnetic polarization and spin-orbit coupling to generate a finite Hall voltage even in the absence of an external magnetic field, the quantum anomalous Hall effect is its quantized version. The Hall conductivity acquires quantized values proportional to integer multiples of the von Klitzing constant. In this respect the QAHE is similar to the quantum Hall effect. The integer here is equal to the Chern number which arises out of topological properties of the material band structure. These effects are observed in systems called quantum anomalous Hall insulators.
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References
- ↑ "FengGroupWebsite". www.physics.fudan.edu.cn. Retrieved 2016-02-05.
- ↑ "Prof. Dong-Lai Feng Achieves Javed Husain Prize_English_复旦大学". news.fudan.edu.cn. Retrieved 2016-02-05.
- ↑ "AAA Award (ROBERT T. POE PRIZE) | OCPA". ocpaweb.org. Retrieved 2016-02-05.
- ↑ Lanzara, A.; Bogdanov, P. V.; Zhou, X. J.; Kellar, S. A.; Feng, D. L.; Lu, E. D.; Yoshida, T.; Eisaki, H.; Fujimori, A. (2001-08-02). "Evidence for ubiquitous strong electron–phonon coupling in high-temperature superconductors". Nature. 412 (6846): 510–514. arXiv: cond-mat/0102227 . doi:10.1038/35087518. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 11484045.
- ↑ Ronning, F.; Kim, C.; Feng, D. L.; Marshall, D. S.; Loeser, A. G.; Miller, L. L.; Eckstein, J. N.; Bozovic, I.; Shen, Z.-X. (1998-12-11). "Photoemission Evidence for a Remnant Fermi Surface and a d-Wave-Like Dispersion in Insulating Ca2CuO2Cl2". Science. 282 (5396): 2067–2072. arXiv: cond-mat/9903151 . Bibcode:1998Sci...282.2067R. doi:10.1126/science.282.5396.2067. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 9851925.
- ↑ Feng, D. L.; Lu, D. H.; Shen, K. M.; Kim, C.; Eisaki, H.; Damascelli, A.; Yoshizaki, R.; Shimoyama, J.-i; Kishio, K. (2000-07-14). "Signature of Superfluid Density in the Single-Particle Excitation Spectrum of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ". Science. 289 (5477): 277–281. arXiv: cond-mat/0009306 . Bibcode:2000Sci...289..277F. doi:10.1126/science.289.5477.277. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 10894771.
- ↑ Shen, Z.-X.; White, P. J.; Feng, D. L.; Kim, C.; Gu, G. D.; Ikeda, H.; Yoshizaki, R.; Koshizuka, N. (1998-04-10). "Temperature-Induced Momentum-Dependent Spectral Weight Transfer in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ". Science. 280 (5361): 259–262. Bibcode:1998Sci...280..259S. doi:10.1126/science.280.5361.259. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 9535649.
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