Fermi coordinates

In the mathematical theory of Riemannian geometry, there are two uses of the term Fermi coordinates. In one use they are local coordinates that are adapted to a geodesic. ^[1] In a second, more general one, they are local coordinates that are adapted to any world line, even not geodesical. ^{[2] [3]}

Take a future-directed timelike curve ${\displaystyle \gamma =\gamma (\tau )}$, ${\displaystyle \tau }$ being the proper time along ${\displaystyle \gamma }$ in the spacetime ${\displaystyle M}$. Assume that ${\displaystyle p=\gamma (0)}$ is the initial point of ${\displaystyle \gamma }$. Fermi coordinates adapted to ${\displaystyle \gamma }$ are constructed this way. Consider an orthonormal basis of ${\displaystyle TM}$ with ${\displaystyle e_{0}}$ parallel to ${\displaystyle {\dot {\gamma }}}$. Transport the basis ${\displaystyle \{e_{a}\}_{a=0,1,2,3}}$along ${\displaystyle \gamma (\tau )}$ making use of Fermi–Walker's transport. The basis ${\displaystyle \{e_{a}(\tau )\}_{a=0,1,2,3}}$ at each point ${\displaystyle \gamma (\tau )}$ is still orthonormal with ${\displaystyle e_{0}(\tau )}$ parallel to ${\displaystyle {\dot {\gamma }}}$ and is non-rotated (in a precise sense related to the decomposition of Lorentz transformations into pure transformations and rotations) with respect to the initial basis, this is the physical meaning of Fermi–Walker's transport.

Finally construct a coordinate system in an open tube ${\displaystyle T}$, a neighbourhood of ${\displaystyle \gamma }$, emitting all spacelike geodesics through ${\displaystyle \gamma (\tau )}$ with initial tangent vector ${\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{3}v^{i}e_{i}(\tau )}$, for every ${\displaystyle \tau }$. A point ${\displaystyle q\in T}$ has coordinates ${\displaystyle \tau (q),v^{1}(q),v^{2}(q),v^{3}(q)}$ where ${\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{3}v^{i}e_{i}(\tau (q))}$ is the only vector whose associated geodesic reaches ${\displaystyle q}$ for the value of its parameter ${\displaystyle s=1}$ and ${\displaystyle \tau (q)}$ is the only time along ${\displaystyle \gamma }$ for that this geodesic reaching ${\displaystyle q}$ exists.

If ${\displaystyle \gamma }$ itself is a geodesic, then Fermi–Walker's transport becomes the standard parallel transport and Fermi's coordinates become standard Riemannian coordinates adapted to ${\displaystyle \gamma }$. In this case, using these coordinates in a neighbourhood ${\displaystyle T}$ of ${\displaystyle \gamma }$, we have ${\displaystyle \Gamma _{bc}^{a}=0}$, all Christoffel symbols vanish exactly on ${\displaystyle \gamma }$. This property is not valid for Fermi's coordinates however when ${\displaystyle \gamma }$ is not a geodesic. Such coordinates are called Fermi coordinates and are named after the Italian physicist Enrico Fermi. The above properties are only valid on the geodesic. The Fermi-coordinates adapted to a null geodesic is provided by Mattias Blau, Denis Frank, and Sebastian Weiss. ^[4] Notice that, if all Christoffel symbols vanish near ${\displaystyle p}$, then the manifold is flat near ${\displaystyle p}$.

In the Riemannian case at least, Fermi coordinates can be generalized to an arbitrary submanifold. ^[2]

See also

• Mathematics portal
• Physics portal

• Proper reference frame (flat spacetime)#Proper coordinates or Fermi coordinates
• Geodesic normal coordinates
• Fermi–Walker transport
• Christoffel symbols
• Isothermal coordinates

References

1. Manasse, F. K.; Misner, C. W. (1963). "Fermi Normal Coordinates and Some Basic Concepts in Differential Geometry". Journal of Mathematical Physics. 4 (6): 735–745. Bibcode:1963JMP.....4..735M. doi:10.1063/1.1724316.
2. Lee, John M. (2019-01-02). Introduction to Riemannian Manifolds. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. p. 136. ISBN   978-3-319-91755-9.
3. Marzlin, Karl-Peter (1994). "The physical meaning of Fermi coordinates". General Relativity and Gravitation. 26 (6): 619–636. arXiv: gr-qc/9402010 . Bibcode:1994GReGr..26..619M. doi:10.1007/BF02108003. S2CID   17918026.
4. Blau, Matthias; Frank, Denis; Weiss, Sebastian (2006). "Fermi coordinates and Penrose limits". Class. Quantum Grav. 23 (11): 3993–4010. arXiv: hep-th/0603109 . Bibcode:2006CQGra..23.3993B. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/23/11/020. S2CID   3109453.