First Battle of Kitshanga

Last updated
First Battle of Kitshanga
Part of M23 offensive
KitshangaWar-09 (8538215691).jpg
The MONUSCO base in Kitshanga, just after the 2009 battle for the city.
DateJanuary 24–26, 2023
Location
Kitchanga and surrounding villages, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Result M23 victory
Belligerents
Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg FARDC
NDCRflag.svg NDC-R
APCLS-Kambuzi
Self-defense groups		 M23
Flag of Rwanda.svg Rwandan Defence Forces (per DRC)
Casualties and losses
Unknown Unknown
Many killed
20,000+ displaced [1]

Between January 24 and 26, 2023, M23 rebels and Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC) soldiers fought over the city of Kitshanga. The battle was part of the renewed M23 offensive, and ended on January 26 with M23 forces capturing the city. Civilians accused both M23 and FARDC-aligned militias of war crimes during and after the battle.

Contents

Background

M23, which rose to prominence in 2012, is a Rwandan-backed Tutsi group that has been fighting the Congolese government in eastern Congo. Initially, the Congolese government (FARDC) defeated the group, but they saw a resurgence in late 2021. [2] M23 launched an offensive in Rutshuru Territory in late 2022, capturing large swathes of territory in North Kivu. [3] During their offensive, M23 attacked Bwito Chiefdom territory, capturing Bambo from FARDC and allied Mai-Mai militias in late December. [4] Despite being urged by international pressure to retreat from Kibumba and Bwito territory in late December, M23 and Rwandan allies clashed with FARDC and Mai-Mai between December 26 and January 3. M23 also continued to take territory in these attacks. [5] At a summit in Angola, regional leaders including Congolese president Félix Tshisekedi demanded for a second time the withdrawal of M23 from these territories on January 15. [6] These calls came after the M23 withdrew from Rumangabo military base, but increased fighters in Kibumba. [7]

Shelling in Kitshanga damaged civilian property on January 20, killing three people and injuring one. [8] Other attacks hit churches and other civilian infrastructure. While the perpetrator of the shelling is unknown, it was suspected to be by M23. [8]

Battle

Fighting for Kitshanga broke out around 4am local time in the eastern outskirts of the city on January 24. [6] [9] The first attacks were directed against various militias defending the city, including APCLS-Kambuzi, NDC-R-Guidon, and FARDC in Uli. [9] The FARDC contingent in Uli was hit first, with fighting raging in the northeastern part of the city. [9] Residents in Bambo and Nyamilima reported reduced numbers of M23 fighters, signaling many went to Kitshanga to fight. [9] [10] By the end of January 24, FARDC and allied militias were able to push M23 to the outskirts of the city, where clashes intensified around villages like Rushembeshe. [4] [10] Many residents of Kitshanga fled the initial fighting towards refugee camps. [6]

FARDC accused the Rwanda Defence Force (RDF) of aiding M23 in the fighting in Kitshanga. [11] Colonel Guillaume Ndjike, a Congolese army spokesman, stated that the army was in control of Kitshanga and that fighting continued ten kilometers away from the city. [11] The M23, however, continued trying to intercept the Goma-Butembo road, upon which traffic had ceased. [12] [13] By the morning of January 26, the frontline was located in the villages of Kilolirwe, Monastere, Kabale-Kasha, Burungu, and Tebero. [13] [4] Central Kitshanga, despite still being under FARDC and allied control, was quiet. [14] However, much of the countryside surrounding the city was M23 controlled or under their influence. [14] Displaced civilians fled to Mweso, Kashuga, Kalembe, and other villages in mountainsides surrounding the city. [14] MONUSCO (United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) took in 450 refugees. [15]

M23 overran Kitshanga around 10am on January 26. [15] Civilians speaking to the Associated Press stated that they saw M23 killing civilians throughout the city. [16] Self-defense groups attempted to hold back the rebels, but were unsuccessful. [17] [15] M23 was in full control of Kitshanga by 4:45pm that day, and Congolese forces fled to Mweso. [18]

Aftermath

Fighting continued in Burungu and Kilolirwe after Kitshanga fell, although a spokesperson for a FARDC-allied militia claimed that FARDC and allies were still fighting in Kitshanga on January 27. Kilolirwe fell that same day. [19] The Congolese army stated later on January 27 that they withdrew from the city. [20] Civilians accused MONUSCO of not accepting refugees into the base near the city, which MONUSCO denied. [20]

Civilians fleeing the fighting were raped and attacked by FARDC-aligned fighters in the villages around Kitshanga during the battle. [8] The fighters were allegedly FDLR and Nyatura Abuzungu. [2] The Congolese government accused the Rwandan Army of participating in the capture of the city, and perpetrating massacres against the civilians along with M23. [21] The United Nations estimated that 20,000 civilians were displaced from Kitshanga and the surrounding villages. [22]

FARDC recaptured Kitshanga in October 2023. [23]

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The Second battle of Kitshanga broke out between Rwandan-backed M23 fighters and self-defense groups known as Wazalendo allied with the Congolese government. In January 2023, M23 rebels captured Kitshanga from the Congolese Army and allied forces in their renewed offensive in North Kivu. Wazalendo forces captured Kitshanga in early October 2023 as part of a counteroffensive, with the city switching hands between Wazalendo and the M23 after October 16, and a second M23 offensive on October 21 capturing the town.

References

  1. ↑ "UNICEF DRC Situation Report Update No. 13 (Upsurge of Violence in Rutshuru Territory): 05 February 2023 - Democratic Republic of the Congo | ReliefWeb". 23 February 2023.
  2. 1 2 "DR Congo: Killings, Rapes by Rwanda-Backed M23 Rebels". Human Rights Watch. 2023-06-13. Retrieved 2024-01-23.
  3. ↑ "RDC: que contrôle encore le M23 après la date butoir du 15 janvier?". Actualite.cd (in French). 2023-01-17. Retrieved 2024-01-23.
  4. 1 2 3 "Fighting resumes in Kivu between FARDC and M23 rebels". New Vision. Retrieved 2024-01-25.
  5. ↑ "RDC: que contrôle encore le M23 après la date butoir du 15 janvier?". Actualite.cd (in French). 2023-01-17. Retrieved 2024-01-25.
  6. 1 2 3 "Fresh clashes erupt between M23 rebels, DR Congo forces". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2024-01-25.
  7. ↑ Fides, Agenzia. "Africa/DR Congo - M23 rebels withdraw from Rumangabo military base, but does not withdraw from other locations - Agenzia Fides". www.fides.org. Retrieved 2024-01-25.
  8. 1 2 3 "DR Congo: Killings, Rapes by Rwanda-Backed M23 Rebels". Human Rights Watch. 2023-06-13. Retrieved 2024-01-25.
  9. 1 2 3 4 "RDC-M23: des combats autour de Kitshanga, l'axe de contour Butembo-Goma menacé". Actualite.cd (in French). 2023-01-24. Retrieved 2024-01-25.
  10. 1 2 "Affrontements FARDC-M23: la cité de Kitshanga se vide de ses habitants". Actualite.cd (in French). 2023-01-24. Retrieved 2024-01-25.
  11. 1 2 "RDC: avion militaire congolais visé par un tir près de l'aéroport de Goma, des combats également à une dizaine de km de Kitchanga". Actualite.cd (in French). 2023-01-24. Retrieved 2024-01-25.
  12. ↑ "RDC: nouveaux combats entre FARDC et M23 dans plusieurs localités voisines de Kitshanga". Actualite.cd (in French). 2023-01-25. Retrieved 2024-01-25.
  13. 1 2 "Fresh Clashes as M23 Rebels Make Gains in East DR Congo". Voice of America. 2023-01-26. Retrieved 2024-01-25.
  14. 1 2 3 "RDC: Le trafic entre Goma-Butembo via Kitshanga coupé, le combat entre l'armée et le M23 se poursuit ce jeudi". Actualite.cd (in French). 2023-01-26. Retrieved 2024-01-25.
  15. 1 2 3 "Attaque du M23 contre Kitshanga: " 450 personnes forcées de se déplacer, ont trouvé refuge dans et autour de la base de la MONUSCO "". Actualite.cd (in French). 2023-01-26. Retrieved 2024-01-25.
  16. ↑ "Fighting intensifies in eastern Congo, displacing hundreds". AP News. 2023-01-26. Retrieved 2024-01-25.
  17. ↑ "RDC: les rebelles du M23 contrôlent Kitshanga". Actualite.cd (in French). 2023-01-26. Retrieved 2024-01-25.
  18. ↑ Writter, Staff (2023-01-27). "M23 Fully Controlling Kitchanga Town". Taarifa Rwanda. Retrieved 2024-01-25.
  19. ↑ "RDC: les combattants du M23 ont progressé au nord-ouest de Goma". Actualite.cd (in French). 2023-01-27. Retrieved 2024-01-25.
  20. 1 2 "Nord-Kivu: Kitshanga entre les mains du M23 soutenu par le Rwanda, l'armée parle d'un repli stratégique dans le but d'épargner les civils". Actualite.cd (in French). 2023-01-27. Retrieved 2024-01-25.
  21. ↑ "RDC: la prise de Kitshanga facilitée par des troupes rwandaises équipées en moyens terrestres et anti-aériens, accuse le gouvernement". Actualite.cd (in French). 2023-01-28. Retrieved 2024-01-25.
  22. ↑ "UNICEF DRC Situation Report Update No. 13 (Upsurge of Violence in Rutshuru Territory): 05 February 2023 - Democratic Republic of the Congo". reliefweb.int. 2023-02-23. Retrieved 2024-01-25.
  23. ↑ "DR Congo celebrate recapture of town from rebels in North Kivu". Africanews. 2023-10-16. Retrieved 2024-01-25.

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