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In the field of psychology, cognitive dissonance is described as the mental disturbance people feel when they realize their cognitions and actions are inconsistent or contradictory. This may ultimately result in some change in their cognitions or actions to cause greater alignment between them so as to reduce this dissonance. Relevant items of information include peoples' actions, feelings, ideas, beliefs, values, and things in the environment. Cognitive dissonance is typically experienced as psychological stress when persons participate in an action that goes against one or more of those things. According to this theory, when an action or idea is psychologically inconsistent with the other, people do all in their power to change either so that they become consistent. The discomfort is triggered by the person's belief clashing with new information perceived, wherein the individual tries to find a way to resolve the contradiction to reduce their discomfort.
Job satisfaction, employee satisfaction or work satisfaction is a measure of workers' contentment with their job, whether they like the job or individual aspects or facets of jobs, such as nature of work or supervision. Job satisfaction can be measured in cognitive (evaluative), affective, and behavioral components. Researchers have also noted that job satisfaction measures vary in the extent to which they measure feelings about the job. or cognitions about the job.
An attitude "is a summary evaluation of an object of thought. An attitude object can be anything a person discriminates or holds in mind." Attitudes include beliefs (cognition), emotional responses (affect) and behavioral tendencies. In the classical definition an attitude is persistent, while in more contemporary conceptualizations, attitudes may vary depending upon situations, context, or moods.
Environmental psychology is a branch of psychology that explores the relationship between humans and the external world. It examines the way in which the natural environment and our built environments shape us as individuals. Environmental psychology investigates how humans change the environment and how the environment influences humans' experiences and behaviors. The field defines the term environment broadly, encompassing natural environments, social settings, built environments, learning environments, and informational environments. According to an article on APA Psychnet, environmental psychology is when a person thinks to a plan, travels to a certain place, and follows through with the plan throughout their behavior.
The theory of planned behavior (TPB) is a psychological theory that links beliefs to behavior. The theory maintains that three core components, namely, attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, together shape an individual's behavioral intentions. In turn, a tenet of TPB is that behavioral intention is the most proximal determinant of human social behavior.
Narcissism is a self-centered personality style characterized as having an excessive preoccupation with oneself and one's own needs, often at the expense of others. Narcissism, rooted in Greek mythology, has evolved into a psychological concept studied extensively since the early 20th century, highlighting its relevance across various societal domains.
The Journal of Environmental Psychology is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by Elsevier. Its founding editors were David Canter and Kenneth Craik back in 1981. From 2004 to 2016, Robert Gifford was the editor-in-chief. In 2017 and 2018, Florian G. Kaiser and Jeffrey Joireman were the co-chief editors. From 2019 to 2021 Sander van der Linden was the Editor-in-Chief. Since 2021, Drs. Lindsay J. McCunn and Wesley Schultz have co-edited the journal.
Entitativity refers to the extent to which a group is perceived as a cohesive, unified entity. In other words, it describes how "groupy" a collection of individuals is. It describes how much a collection of individuals is seen as "group-like" and bonded by common attributes, such as shared goals or traits. Perceived entitativity occurs when people view an aggregate of individuals as a single entity, attributing to them common characteristics or a collective purpose. Thus, a group is seen as a "real" group when its members' behaviors are seen as stemming from shared goals or traits.
Conformity is the act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms, politics or being like-minded. Norms are implicit, specific rules, guidance shared by a group of individuals, that guide their interactions with others. People often choose to conform to society rather than to pursue personal desires – because it is often easier to follow the path others have made already, rather than forging a new one. Thus, conformity is sometimes a product of group communication. This tendency to conform occurs in small groups and/or in society as a whole and may result from subtle unconscious influences, or from direct and overt social pressure. Conformity can occur in the presence of others, or when an individual is alone. For example, people tend to follow social norms when eating or when watching television, even if alone.
The imagined contact hypothesis is an extension of the contact hypothesis, a theoretical proposition centred on the psychology of prejudice and prejudice reduction. It was originally developed by Richard J. Crisp and Rhiannon N. Turner and proposes that the mental simulation, or imagining, of a positive social interaction with an outgroup member can lead to increased positive attitudes, greater desire for social contact, and improved group dynamics. Empirical evidence supporting the imagined contact hypothesis demonstrates its effectiveness at improving explicit and implicit attitudes towards and intergroup relations with a wide variety of stigmatized groups including religious minorities, the mentally ill, ethnic minorities, sexual minorities, and obese individuals. Researchers have identified a number of factors that influence the effectiveness of the imagined contact hypothesis including vividness of the imagery and how typical the imagined outgroup individual is. While some researchers question the effectiveness of the imagined contact hypothesis, empirical evidence does suggest it is effective at improving attitudes towards outgroups.
Self-concealment is a psychological construct defined as "a predisposition to actively conceal from others personal information that one perceives as distressing or negative". Its opposite is self-disclosure.
Social determinism is the theory that social interactions alone determine individual behavior.
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Marianne Schmid Mast is a Professor of Organizational Behavior and Dean of the Faculty of Business and Economics (HEC) of the University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
Intergroup relations refers to interactions between individuals in different social groups, and to interactions taking place between the groups themselves collectively. It has long been a subject of research in social psychology, political psychology, and organizational behavior.
In social psychology, a metastereotype is a stereotype that members of one group have about the way in which they are stereotypically viewed by members of another group. In other words, it is a stereotype about a stereotype. They have been shown to have adverse effects on individuals that hold them, including on their levels of anxiety in interracial conversations. Meta-stereotypes held by African Americans regarding the stereotypes White Americans have about them have been found to be largely both negative and accurate. People portray meta-stereotypes of their ingroup more positively when talking to a member of an outgroup than to a fellow member of their ingroup.
The Campbell paradigm is a behavioral theory from social psychology. The paradigm was developed by social psychologist Florian G. Kaiser and his colleagues, Katarzyna Byrka and Terry Hartig, in 2010, building on an earlier suggestion by Donald T. Campbell, after whom the paradigm is named. It offers an explanation for why and when individuals engage in particular behaviors. It is mainly applied to behaviors that are aimed at fighting climate change and protecting the environment.
In social psychology, social projection is the psychological process through which an individual expects behaviors or attitudes of others to be similar to their own. Social projection occurs between individuals as well as across ingroup and outgroup contexts in a variety of domains. Research has shown that aspects of social categorization affect the extent to which social projection occurs. Cognitive and motivational approaches have been used to understand the psychological underpinnings of social projection as a phenomenon. Cognitive approaches emphasize social projection as a heuristic, while motivational approaches contextualize social projection as a means to feel connected to others. In contemporary research on social projection, researchers work to further distinguish between the effects of social projection and self-stereotyping on the individual’s perception of others.
Vaida D. Thompson is a population psychologist who was instrumental in establishing the American Psychological Association's Division 34, Population and Environmental Psychology. She served as the first president of APA Division 34 from 1973 to 1975.
References
- 1 2 3 "Florian G. Kaiser". Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg . Retrieved 2024-05-13.
- ↑ Kaiser, Florian G.; Fuhrer, Urs (1996). "Dwelling: Speaking of an Unnoticed Universal Language". New Ideas in Psychology . 14 (3): 225–236. doi:10.1016/S0732-118X(96)00017-7.
- ↑ Kaiser, Florian G. (1998). "A General Measure of Ecological Behavior". Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 28 (5): 395–422. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01712.x. ISSN 0021-9029.
- ↑ Kaiser, Florian G.; Schultz, P. Wesley; Scheuthle, Hannah (2007). "The Theory of Planned Behavior Without Compatibility? Beyond Method Bias and Past Trivial Associations". Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 37 (7): 1522–1544. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00225.x. hdl: 10211.3/199731 . ISSN 0021-9029.
- ↑ Kaiser, Florian G.; Wilson, Mark (2004). "Goal-directed conservation behavior: the specific composition of a general performance". Personality and Individual Differences. 36 (7): 1531–1544. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2003.06.003.
- ↑ Campbell, Donald T. (1963), "Social Attitudes and Other Acquired Behavioral Dispositions.", Psychology: A study of a science. Study II. Empirical substructure and relations with other sciences. Volume 6. Investigations of man as socius: Their place in psychology and the social sciences., New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 94–172, doi:10.1037/10590-003 , retrieved 2023-12-03
- ↑ Kaiser, Florian G.; Byrka, Katarzyna (2015). "The Campbell Paradigm as a Conceptual Alternative to the Expectation of Hypocrisy in Contemporary Attitude Research". The Journal of Social Psychology. 155 (1): 12–29. doi:10.1080/00224545.2014.959884. ISSN 0022-4545. PMID 25185705. S2CID 7871717.
- ↑ Kaiser, Florian G.; Byrka, Katarzyna; Hartig, Terry (2010). "Reviving Campbell's Paradigm for Attitude Research". Personality and Social Psychology Review. 14 (4): 351–367. doi:10.1177/1088868310366452. ISSN 1088-8683. PMID 20435803. S2CID 5394359.
- ↑ Bauske, Emily; Kibbe, Alexandra; Kaiser, Florian G. (2022). "Opinion polls as measures of commitment to goals: Environmental attitude in Germany from 1996 to 2018". Journal of Environmental Psychology. 81: 101805. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2022.101805. ISSN 0272-4944. S2CID 248196836.
- ↑ "Editorial Board". Journal of Environmental Psychology . Retrieved 14 May 2024.
- ↑ "Fellows". International Association of Applied Psychology . Retrieved 2024-05-13.
