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Differential psychology studies the ways in which individuals differ in their behavior and the processes that underlie it. It is a discipline that develops classifications (taxonomies) of psychological individual differences. This is distinguished from other aspects of psychology in that, although psychology is ostensibly a study of individuals, modern psychologists often study groups, or attempt to discover general psychological processes that apply to all individuals. This particular area of psychology was first named and still retains the name of "differential psychology" by William Stern in his 1900 book "Über Psychologie der individuellen Differenzen".
Industrial and organizational psychology "focuses the lens of psychological science on a key aspect of human life, namely, their work lives. In general, the goals of I-O psychology are to better understand and optimize the effectiveness, health, and well-being of both individuals and organizations." It is an applied discipline within psychology and is an international profession. I-O psychology is also known as occupational psychology in the United Kingdom, organisational psychology in Australia and New Zealand, and work and organizational (WO) psychology throughout Europe and Brazil. Industrial, work, and organizational (IWO) psychology is the broader, more global term for the science and profession.
Social psychology is the scientific study of how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. Social psychologists typically explain human behavior as a result of the relationship between mental states and social situations, studying the social conditions under which thoughts, feelings, and behaviors occur, and how these variables influence social interactions.
In the field of psychology, cognitive dissonance is described as the mental disturbance people feel when they realize their cognitions and actions are inconsistent or contradictory. This may ultimately result in some change in their cognitions or actions to cause greater alignment between them so as to reduce this dissonance. Relevant items of information include peoples' actions, feelings, ideas, beliefs, values, and things in the environment. Cognitive dissonance is typically experienced as psychological stress when persons participate in an action that goes against one or more of those things. According to this theory, when an action or idea is psychologically inconsistent with the other, people do all in their power to change either so that they become consistent. The discomfort is triggered by the person's belief clashing with new information perceived, wherein the individual tries to find a way to resolve the contradiction to reduce their discomfort.
An attitude "is a summary evaluation of an object of thought. An attitude object can be anything a person discriminates or holds in mind." Attitudes include beliefs (cognition), emotional responses (affect) and behavioral tendencies. In the classical definition an attitude is persistent, while in more contemporary conceptualizations, attitudes may vary depending upon situations, context, or moods.
Vested interest is a communication theory that seeks to explain how an attitude of self-interest can affect behavior; or, in more technical terms, to question how certain hedonically relevant attitudinal dimensions can influence and consistently predict behavior based on the degree of subjective investment an individual has in a particular attitude object.
Interpersonal attraction, as a part of social psychology, is the study of the attraction between people which leads to the development of platonic or romantic relationships. It is distinct from perceptions such as physical attractiveness, and involves views of what is and what is not considered beautiful or attractive.
In trait theory, the Big Five personality traits are a group of five characteristics used to study personality:
The theory of planned behavior (TPB) is a psychological theory that links beliefs to behavior. The theory maintains that three core components, namely, attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, together shape an individual's behavioral intentions. In turn, a tenet of TPB is that behavioral intention is the most proximal determinant of human social behavior.
Narcissism is a self-centered personality style characterized as having an excessive preoccupation with oneself and one's own needs, often at the expense of others. Narcissism, rooted in Greek mythology, has evolved into a psychological concept studied extensively since the early 20th century, highlighting its relevance across various societal domains.
The Journal of Environmental Psychology is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by Elsevier. Its founding editors were David Canter and Kenneth Craik back in 1981. From 2004 to 2016, Robert Gifford was the editor-in-chief. In 2017 and 2018, Florian G. Kaiser and Jeffrey Joireman were the co-chief editors. From 2019 to 2021 Sander van der Linden was the Editor-in-Chief. Since 2021, Drs. Lindsay J. McCunn and Wesley Schultz have co-edited the journal.
The value-action gap is the discrepancy between the stated values of an individual or organisation and their actions. More generally, it is the difference between what people say and what people do. The phrase is associated with environmental geography, relating to attitudes and behaviors surrounding environmental issues. Numerous studies have reported an increase in global environmental concern, but have shown that environmental engagement is not adjusting in accordance.
Conformity is the act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms, politics or being like-minded. Norms are implicit, specific rules, guidance shared by a group of individuals, that guide their interactions with others. People often choose to conform to society rather than to pursue personal desires – because it is often easier to follow the path others have made already, rather than forging a new one. Thus, conformity is sometimes a product of group communication. This tendency to conform occurs in small groups and/or in society as a whole and may result from subtle unconscious influences, or from direct and overt social pressure. Conformity can occur in the presence of others, or when an individual is alone. For example, people tend to follow social norms when eating or when watching television, even if alone.
Self-concealment is a psychological construct defined as "a predisposition to actively conceal from others personal information that one perceives as distressing or negative". Its opposite is self-disclosure.
Social determinism is the theory that social interactions alone determine individual behavior.
Difficulty of engagement is a notion in the Campbell paradigm, a model of behavior change with person-independent difficulty.
Marianne Schmid Mast is a Professor of Organizational Behavior and Dean of the Faculty of Business and Economics (HEC) of the University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
Intergroup relations refers to interactions between individuals in different social groups, and to interactions taking place between the groups themselves collectively. It has long been a subject of research in social psychology, political psychology, and organizational behavior.
The Campbell paradigm is a behavioral theory from social psychology. The paradigm was developed by social psychologist Florian G. Kaiser and his colleagues, Katarzyna Byrka and Terry Hartig, in 2010, building on an earlier suggestion by Donald T. Campbell, after whom the paradigm is named. It offers an explanation for why and when individuals engage in particular behaviors. It is mainly applied to behaviors that are aimed at fighting climate change and protecting the environment.
Vaida D. Thompson is a population psychologist who was instrumental in establishing the American Psychological Association's Division 34, Population and Environmental Psychology. She served as the first president of APA Division 34 from 1973 to 1975.
References
- 1 2 3 "Florian G. Kaiser". Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg . Retrieved 2024-05-13.
- ↑ Kaiser, Florian G.; Fuhrer, Urs (1996). "Dwelling: Speaking of an Unnoticed Universal Language". New Ideas in Psychology . 14 (3): 225–236. doi:10.1016/S0732-118X(96)00017-7.
- ↑ Kaiser, Florian G. (1998). "A General Measure of Ecological Behavior". Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 28 (5): 395–422. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01712.x. ISSN 0021-9029.
- ↑ Kaiser, Florian G.; Schultz, P. Wesley; Scheuthle, Hannah (2007). "The Theory of Planned Behavior Without Compatibility? Beyond Method Bias and Past Trivial Associations". Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 37 (7): 1522–1544. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00225.x. hdl: 10211.3/199731 . ISSN 0021-9029.
- ↑ Kaiser, Florian G.; Wilson, Mark (2004). "Goal-directed conservation behavior: the specific composition of a general performance". Personality and Individual Differences. 36 (7): 1531–1544. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2003.06.003.
- ↑ Campbell, Donald T. (1963), "Social Attitudes and Other Acquired Behavioral Dispositions.", Psychology: A study of a science. Study II. Empirical substructure and relations with other sciences. Volume 6. Investigations of man as socius: Their place in psychology and the social sciences., New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 94–172, doi:10.1037/10590-003 , retrieved 2023-12-03
- ↑ Kaiser, Florian G.; Byrka, Katarzyna (2015). "The Campbell Paradigm as a Conceptual Alternative to the Expectation of Hypocrisy in Contemporary Attitude Research". The Journal of Social Psychology. 155 (1): 12–29. doi:10.1080/00224545.2014.959884. ISSN 0022-4545. PMID 25185705. S2CID 7871717.
- ↑ Kaiser, Florian G.; Byrka, Katarzyna; Hartig, Terry (2010). "Reviving Campbell's Paradigm for Attitude Research". Personality and Social Psychology Review. 14 (4): 351–367. doi:10.1177/1088868310366452. ISSN 1088-8683. PMID 20435803. S2CID 5394359.
- ↑ Bauske, Emily; Kibbe, Alexandra; Kaiser, Florian G. (2022). "Opinion polls as measures of commitment to goals: Environmental attitude in Germany from 1996 to 2018". Journal of Environmental Psychology. 81: 101805. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2022.101805. ISSN 0272-4944. S2CID 248196836.
- ↑ "Editorial Board". Journal of Environmental Psychology . Retrieved 14 May 2024.
- ↑ "Fellows". International Association of Applied Psychology . Retrieved 2024-05-13.
