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School violence includes violence between school students as well as attacks by students on school staff and attacks by school staff on students. It encompasses physical violence, including student-on-student fighting, corporal punishment; psychological violence such as verbal abuse, and sexual violence, including rape and sexual harassment. It includes many forms of bullying and carrying weapons to school. The one or more perpetrators typically have more physical, social, and/or psychological power than the victim. It is a widely accepted serious societal problem in recent decades in many countries, especially where weapons such as guns or knives are involved.
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Anthony Allan Braga is an American criminologist and the Jerry Lee Professor of Criminology at the University of Pennsylvania. Braga is also the Director of the Crime and Justice Policy Lab at the University of Pennsylvania. He previously held faculty and senior research positions at Harvard University, Northeastern University, Rutgers University, and the University of California at Berkeley. Braga is a member of the federal monitor team overseeing the reforms to New York City Police Department (NYPD) policies, training, supervision, auditing, and handling of complaints and discipline regarding stops and frisks and trespass enforcement.
The National Network for Safe Communities (NNSC) is a research center at City University of New York John Jay College of Criminal Justice. The NNSC works with communities to reduce violence, minimize arrest and incarceration, and increase trust between law enforcement and the public. Working in partnership with cities around the country the NNSC provides advising on implementing evidence-based violence reduction strategies. Additionally, the NNSC provides guidance on how to build trust between law enforcement and the communities it serves, facilitates connections between practitioners within and across jurisdictions, and serves as a resource for knowledge about violence prevention and reduction strategies.
Thomas Abt is an American author, crime researcher, and former government official specializing in evidence-informed approaches to reducing crime in urban areas. His book, Bleeding Out: The Devastating Consequences of Urban Violence and a Bold New Plan for Peace in the Streets, was published in June 2019 by Basic Books.
Community crime prevention relates to interventions designed to bring reform to the social conditions that influence, and encourage, offending in residential communities. Community crime prevention has a focus on both the social and local institutions found within communities which can influence crime rates, specifically juvenile delinquency.
Laurie Robinson is an American scholar and public servant who has held multiple positions across government, academia, and the nonprofit sector. Robinson's most notable roles include serving as Assistant Attorney General in charge of the U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs under former Presidents Bill Clinton and Barack Obama, and co-chairing Obama's Task Force on 21st Century Policing. She also served on the congressionally created Charles Colson Task Force on Federal Corrections and on an independent commission that explored the potential closure of New York City's Rikers Island jail complex. Most recently, Robinson served as founding Chair of the Board of Directors of the Council on Criminal Justice, a nonpartisan policy and research organization.
References
- ↑ "Focused Deterrence Strategies". Crimesolutions.gov. National Institute of Justice. 11 September 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
- ↑ "What are Focused Deterrence Strategies?". Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy. George Mason University. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
- ↑ Braga, Anthony (2017). "Focused Deterrence Strategies". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice. Oxford University Press.
- ↑ Braga, AA; Weisburd, DL (18 March 2015). "Focused deterrence and the prevention of violent gun injuries: practice, theoretical principles, and scientific evidence". Annual Review of Public Health. 36: 55–68. doi: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122444 . PMID 25494051.
- ↑ Engel, Robin S.; Tillyer, Marie Skubak; Corsaro, Nicholas (June 2013). "Reducing Gang Violence Using Focused Deterrence: Evaluating the Cincinnati Initiative to Reduce Violence (CIRV)". Justice Quarterly. 30 (3): 403–439. doi:10.1080/07418825.2011.619559. S2CID 40777215.
- ↑ "Gun Violence Prevention Strategy: Focused Deterrence". National Institute of Justice. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
- ↑ Western, Bruce; Muhammad, Khalil Gibran; Negussie, Yamrot; Backes, Emily, eds. (2023). Read "Reducing Racial Inequality in Crime and Justice: Science, Practice, and Policy" at NAP.edu. doi:10.17226/26705. ISBN 978-0-309-69337-0.
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