Fressenda | |
---|---|
Lady of Hauteville-la-Guichard | |
Born | Unknown |
Died | Unknown |
Buried | Benedictine Abbey of Sante-Eufemia |
Noble family | House of Normandy (possibly) House of Hauteville (by marriage) |
Spouse(s) | Tancred of Hauteville |
Issue |
|
Father | Richard II of Normandy (possibly) |
Fressenda (Latin : Frensendis or Fredesendis) was an 11th-century Norman noblewoman and the wife of Tancred of Hauteville. She is known as the mother of Robert Guiscard and Roger I of Sicily.
Goffredo Malaterra recorded her name as Frensendis [1] and Orderic Vitalis as Fredesendis [2] in latin. Her name has been anglized as Fresenda [3] or Fressenda [4] [5] in English literature. In Medieval France, the name was very rare. It is probably related to the Anglo-Saxon name Friðuswīþ (see Frithuswith). It is possible Fressenda may have been of Anglo-Scandinavian origin.
Fressenda's origin is not known. Contemporary historian Goffredo Malaterra, wrote that she was "a lady who in birth and morals was by no means inferior to his first wife." in reference to Tancred's first marriage who was of reputable birth. [3]
Some historians have suggested that Fressenda was a illegitimate daughter of Richard II of Normandy. [6] [7] Historian Elisabeth van Houts dismisses this claim as a 16th-century myth without evidence. [8]
Historian Graham Loud wrote that Girard of Buonalbergo might have been related to Fressenda to explain his unwavering loyalty towards Robert Guiscard, her son, despite Robert's divorce of Gerard's paternal aunt. He admits that it is only speculation. [9]
Fressenda's early life is unknown but at some point she married Tancred of Hauteville in Normandy. He was a widower petty lord of Hauteville-la-Guichard in western Normandy. Tancred's first wife was close to him but died when he was still young enough to remarry. [10]
With Tancred, Fressenda had at least seven sons and one daughter. Tancred had already got five sons from his first marriage. She is said to have raised all her sons and stepsons fairly. [5]
Since Tancred’s patrimony was too small to divide equally between all of their 12 sons, it became necessary for them to seek fortune elsewhere. [11] At first Fressenda's older stepsons left for Italy in c.1035. [12] Upon hearing of their success in securing the county of Apulia and Calabria, her oldest son Robert Guiscard was called to join them soon followed by Mauger, William, the youngest son Roger. Her daughter Fressenda also left with the brothers and married a Norman lord, [11] Richard I of Capua. [13] Her remaining sons, Aubrey, Humbert, and Tancred appears to have stayed behind in Normandy and faded out of history. Fressenda herself left for Italy after the death of her husband at an unknown date. [11]
It is unknown when Fressenda died, but she was buried in the Abbey of Sainte-Eufemia that Duke Robert, her son, founded in 1062 for the abbot Robert de Grandmesnil who fled from Normandy. [14] Fressenda's legacy survived through her sons, Robert Guiscard and Roger I of Sicily, both remembered as rulers in mainland Italy and the island of Sicily respectively. [15]
Robert Guiscard, also referred to as Robert de Hauteville, was a Norman adventurer remembered for his conquest of southern Italy and Sicily in the 11th century.
Roger I, nicknamed "Roger Bosso" and "Grand Count Roger", was a Norman nobleman who became the first Grand Count of Sicily from 1071 to 1101.
Tancred of Hauteville was an 11th-century Norman petty lord. Little is known about him, and he is best remembered by the achievements of his twelve sons. Various legends arose about Tancred, but they have no supporting contemporary evidence that has survived the ages.
Alan III of Rennes was Count of Rennes and duke of Brittany, by right of succession from 1008 to his death.
Roger Borsa was the Norman Duke of Apulia and Calabria and effective ruler of southern Italy from 1085 until his death.
Humphrey of Hauteville, surnamed Abagelard, was the count of Apulia and Calabria from 1051 to his death.
Robert II, Archbishop of Rouen, and Count of Évreux was a powerful and influential prelate, and a family member of and supporter of five dukes of Normandy.
Serlo of Hauteville was a son of Tancred of Hauteville by his first wife Muriella. Unlike his brothers, who left for Southern Italy, Serlo remained in Normandy and inherited his father’s possessions.
GaufredoMalaterra was an eleventh-century Benedictine monk and historian, possibly of Norman origin. He travelled to the southern Italian peninsula, passing some time in Apulia before entering the monastery of Sant'Agata at Catania, on the isle of Sicily. Malaterra indicates that, prior to his arrival in Catania, he had spent an undefined period away from monastic life, in the worldly service of "Martha".
Geoffrey of Hauteville was a Norman military leader, and a son of Tancred of Hauteville by his first wife Muriella.
Mauger of Hauteville was a younger son of Tancred of Hauteville by his second wife, Fressenda. He travelled to the Mezzogiorno with his brother William and his elder half-brother Geoffrey around 1053, though some sources indicate him coming later, c.1056.
William of Hauteville was one of the younger sons of Tancred of Hauteville by his second wife Fressenda. He is usually called Willermus instead of Wilelmus in Latin annals and so is often called Guillerm instead of Guillaume in French.
Geoffrey the Elder was an Italo-Norman nobleman. A nephew of Robert Guiscard through one of his sisters, he was the count of Conversano from 1072 and the lord of Brindisi and Nardò from 1070, until his death.
The House of Hauteville was a Norman family originally of seigneurial rank from the Cotentin. The Hautevilles rose to prominence through their part in the Norman conquest of southern Italy. By 1130, one of their members, Roger II, was made the first King of Sicily. His male-line descendants ruled Sicily until 1194. Some Italian Hautevilles took part in the First Crusade and the founding of the independent Principality of Antioch (1098).
Robert de Grantmesnil also known as Robert II, was a Norman nobleman; a member of a prominent Norman family. He first became a monk, then abbot at the Abbey of Saint-Evroul in Normandy and later Bishop of Troina in the Norman Kingdom of Sicily.
Rodulf of Ivry was a Norman noble, and regent of Normandy during the minority of Richard II.
Sprota was an early 10th century woman of obscure origin who became wife 'in the Viking fashion' of William I, Duke of Normandy, by her becoming mother of his successor, Duke Richard I. After the death of William, she married a wealthy landowner, Esperleng, by him having another son, Norman nobleman Rodulf of Ivry.
Ralph of Gacé was a member of the House of Normandy who played an influential role during the minority of William the Bastard, prior to his conquest of England. Ralph was the lord of Gacé and other estates in Normandy.
Judith d'Évreux was a Norman noblewoman and Countess of Sicily.
Giroie, Lord of Echauffour and Montreuil-l'Argillé, was a knight from Brittany who became a Norman nobleman and the progenitor of a large family in Normandy, England, and Apulia.