Author | F. L. Lucas |
---|---|
Genre | historical poetry |
Publisher | The Bodley Head |
Publication date | April 1953 |
Pages | 318 |
F. L. Lucas's From Many Times and Lands (1953) is a volume of some one hundred original poems, mostly dramatic monologues, vignettes, and narratives, based on historical episodes "that seem lastingly alive". [1] Varying in length from sixteen pages to a few lines (most are two or three pages long), and written largely between 1935 and 1953, the poems were intended to show, in Lucas's words in the Preface, that "The Greeks were right. The essential theme is men in action. That has been the greatness of the West." [2] They were thus a reaction to the "soul-scratching" interiority of mid-20th century modernist verse ( The Times Literary Supplement's phrase [3] ). Lucas quotes approvingly "the wise Acton": 'History must be our deliverer, not only from the undue influence of other times, but from the undue influence of our own'. In one of the poems ('Ivan the Terrible') he has the explorer Anthony Jenkinson discuss with a number of English poets and playwrights in a London tavern in 1597 the authority of Marlowe's Tamburlaine as history:
"I try to find episodes in history that seem lastingly alive: and try to make them live on paper." [1] ... "We have had too many Narcissi murmuring unintelligibly over their own reflections in shallow, often muddy pools. 'I and she.' 'I and Nature.' 'I and God.' 'I and myself.' ..." [2] | |
Jenkinson then goes on to speak of the impressions he took away from his meetings with Tsar Ivan IV.
The book's title is taken from Swinburne's 'The Garden of Proserpine'. The dust-cover and back-strip of the first edition (but not the title-page) carried the subtitle 'Poems of Legend and History'. "They are not always factually true," wrote Lucas of these pieces. "But what men could believe, even falsely, is also part – and not the least part – of human history. Wherever historic facts are concerned, I have tried to distort them as little as possible. Where episodes are invented, I have tried to keep them true to the spirit of their time." [2]
Approximate or exact dates appear below poem titles. Sources for incidents are given in footnotes to about half the poems. The note to 'Olver Barnakarl', for example, reads:
'Nemroud's Tower' | 4th-3rd millennium B.C. | on Birs Nimrud |
'The Eyes of Amenemhet' | c.1800 B.C. | on Amenemhat III |
'The End of Akhnaton' | 14th century B.C. | on Akhenaten and Nefertiti |
'The Archaeologist-king' | 539 B.C. | Nabonidus |
'The Elbe frontier' | 9 B.C. | Drusus the Elder |
'The Pipe of Peace' | A.D. 315 | Liu Kun |
'The Smile that cost an Empire' | A.D. 755-6 | Emperor Ming Huang and Yang Kwei-fei |
'The Sister of Haroun' | 803 | Ja'far ibn Yahya, Harun al-Rashid, Zubaidah bint Ja'far |
'Olver Barnakarl' | c.850 | Olver Einarsson |
'The Daughter of Firdausi' | 1020-25 | Ferdowsi |
'The Lord of Athens' | 1225 | Othon and Isabelle de la Roche |
'The End of Genghiz' | 1227 | Yelü Chucai and Genghis Khan |
'The Grass of Cambalu' | 1270 | Kublai Khan |
'Corrievreckan' | 13th century | the Lords of Islay |
'King Hal' | 1421 | Siege of Meaux, Sir John Cornwall, Henry V |
'The Repentance of Gabrino Fondolo' | 1425 | Cabrino Fondulo |
'History' | 1420–1437 | Catherine of Valois and Sir Owen Tudor |
'The Last Hope of Constantinople' | 1453 | Fall of Constantinople |
'Dusk of the Renaissance' | 1463 | Sigismondo Malatesta and Gemistos Plethon |
'The lilied town' | 1478 | Florence and Botticelli |
'New heavens and new earth' | c.1542 | Columbus's remains, Luther, Copernicus |
'Ivan the Terrible' | c.1597 | Anthony Jenkinson on Tsar Ivan IV |
'The Friend of Essex' | 1600 | Francis Bacon |
'Stella's end' | 1607 | Penelope Devereux |
'The Old Queen's Maid of Honour' | 1613 | Elizabeth I |
'A tale of two centuries' | 1786-1815 | Eléonore de Sabron and Delphine de Custine |
'The Doomed' | 1775 | Louis XVI |
'Spain, 1809' | — | the Peninsular War |
'The Buried Saviour' | 1814-5 | Napoleon |
'Doom and the Poet' | November 17, 1820 | Keats |
'Wings of a Dove' | c.1855 | Charles Darwin |
'Rose of Parnell' | 1880-91 | Charles Stewart Parnell |
'The Neutrality of Éire' | 1939 | Irish neutrality during World War II |
'Leave' | 1939 | returning to Cambridge from Bletchley Park |
'The dead of Oran' | 1940 | the attack on Mers-el-Kébir |
'Before the landing in Normandy' | 1944 | eve of the Normandy landings |
A number of the longer poems explore the techniques of handling, one-to-one, dangerous people in positions of absolute power. Cases in point include the court poet Yuan Shen and Emperor Ming Huang in 'The Smile that cost an Empire'; Sir John Cornwall and Henry V (after the death of Sir John's son at the Siege of Maux) in 'King Hal'; Anthony Jenkinson and Tsar Ivan in 'Ivan the Terrible'; and counsellor Yeliu Chutsai and Genghiz Khan in 'The End of Genghiz'.
Typical in its message is 'The Last Hope of Constantinople', telling the story of the fast Greek sailing boat sent from Constantinople during the desperate last days of the siege in 1453, to scour the Greek coasts for news of the promised Venetian fleet coming to the city's rescue – and to report back. But there is no fleet. The captain, Michaelis Imvriotis, tells his eleven-man Greek crew that it is their duty to return to the doomed city. A heated debate on deck follows, with some men arguing that to return would be futile. The captain closes the argument with the words
A vote is taken – two against ten. A few days later, the boat is sighted slipping back through Turkish lines to the Neorion Quay. There is momentary joy in the city: surely the crew would only have returned if they had good news? But the cheering falters:
The missing crew member, Spiridion Sathas, who had argued for flight, has stolen away by night in the row-boat. He marries "a rich Venetian dame", and thirty years later dies a "noble merchant" in Venice. [4] [note 1]
A variety of stanzaic forms, rhyme-schemes and metres are employed, as well as heroic couplets, blank verse, accentual verse, and free verse. The last stanza of 'The dead of Oran', on the funerals of French sailors killed in the Royal Navy's destruction of the French Fleet in 1940:
The Times Literary Supplement wrote of the volume: "The excitement is unequalled by any but a very few volumes of verse published these last few years. This is poetry written to be read aloud, to be relished for its information, to be taken to bed and read, like a detective novel, for the relaxation that comes from a good story well told... These are stories in poetry. The poetry is not the worse for the story, but the story is infinitely more compelling for being set in verse." [3]
A notable example of such "compelling" story-telling occurs in 'A Tale of Two Centuries'. At the Revolutionary Tribunal in 1793 the public prosecutor Fouquier-Tinville, aware that the judges of the Comte de Custine are well disposed towards him because of the beauty of his daughter-in-law, Delphine de Custine, who attends the trial with him, has arranged for a mob to kill her as she leaves the Palais de Justice:
The mob, momentarily dumb and bewildered by "some awe of womanhood, some touch of shame", watch her go, gain her carriage in the street below, silently pass the baby back to its mother, and drive away, "Saved by a child she nevermore would see". [5]
A number of the poems were reprinted in mid-20th century anthologies, notably two of the most gruesome: 'The Repentance of Gabrino Fondolo, Lord of Cremona', [6] a Browning-esque dramatic monologue about Fondolo's regret, as he awaits execution, at the opportunity he missed of throwing the Pope, the Holy Roman Emperor, and the Doge from the top of Cremona tower on their joint visit to his city as guests; [7] and 'Spain, 1809', the story of a village woman's revenge on some French soldiers during the Peninsular War, [8] which Margaret Wood turned into a stage-play, A Kind of Justice (1966). Among poems reprinted that were based on legend rather than history was 'The Destined Hour' (1953), a re-telling in verse of the old Arabic 'Appointment in Samarra' fable. [9] [10]
An epigram is a brief, interesting, memorable, sometimes surprising or satirical statement. The word derives from the Greek ἐπίγραμμα. This literary device has been practiced for over two millennia.
Hesiod was an ancient Greek poet generally thought to have been active between 750 and 650 BC, around the same time as Homer.
Frederic Ogden Nash was an American poet well known for his light verse, of which he wrote more than 500 pieces. With his unconventional rhyming schemes, he was declared by The New York Times to be the country's best-known producer of humorous poetry.
Thomas Stearns Eliot was a poet, essayist and playwright. He was a leading figure in English-language Modernist poetry where he reinvigorated the art through his use of language, writing style, and verse structure. He is also noted for his critical essays, which often re-evaluated long-held cultural beliefs.
Cædmon is the earliest English poet whose name is known. A Northumbrian cowherd who cared for the animals at the double monastery of Streonæshalch during the abbacy of St. Hilda, he was originally ignorant of "the art of song" but learned to compose one night in the course of a dream, according to the 8th-century Christian historian and saint Bede. He later became a zealous monk and an accomplished and inspirational Christian poet. He is venerated as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church, Roman Catholicism and Anglicanism, with a feast day on 11 February.
Samarra is a city in Iraq. It stands on the east bank of the Tigris in the Saladin Governorate, 125 kilometers (78 mi) north of Baghdad. The modern city of Samarra was founded in 836 by the Abbasid caliph al-Mu'tasim as a new administrative capital and military base. In 2003 the city had an estimated population of 348,700. During the Iraqi Civil War (2006-08), Samarra was in the "Sunni Triangle" of resistance.
Charles Lamb was an English essayist, poet, and antiquarian, best known for his Essays of Elia and for the children's book Tales from Shakespeare, co-authored with his sister, Mary Lamb (1764–1847).
The Greek Anthology is a collection of poems, mostly epigrams, that span the Classical and Byzantine periods of Greek literature. Most of the material of the Greek Anthology comes from two manuscripts, the Palatine Anthology of the 10th century and the Anthology of Planudes of the 14th century.
The Knight in the Panther's Skin is a Georgian medieval epic poem, written in the 12th or 13th century by Georgia's national poet Shota Rustaveli. A definitive work of the Georgian Golden Age, the poem consists of over 1600 Rustavelian Quatrains and is considered to be a "masterpiece of the Georgian literature". Until the early 20th century, a copy of this poem was part of the dowry of every bride.
Electra, also Elektra or The Electra, is a Greek tragedy by Sophocles. Its date is not known, but various stylistic similarities with the Philoctetes and the Oedipus at Colonus lead scholars to suppose that it was written towards the end of Sophocles' career. Jebb dates it between 420 BC and 414 BC.
Frank Laurence Lucas was an English classical scholar, literary critic, poet, novelist, playwright, political polemicist, Fellow of King's College, Cambridge, and intelligence officer at Bletchley Park during World War II.
Rose Amy Fyleman was an English writer and poet, noted for her works on the fairy folk, for children. Her poem "There are fairies at the bottom of our garden" was set to music by English composer Liza Lehmann. Her carol "Lift your hidden faces", set to a French carol tune, was included in the Anglican hymnal Songs of Praise (1925), The Oxford Book of Carols (1928) as well as in the Hutterian Brotherhood's Songs of Light (1977).
Edward Verrall Lucas, CH was an English humorist, essayist, playwright, biographer, publisher, poet, novelist, short story writer and editor.
The Woman Clothed with the Sun; being The Confession of John McHaffie concerning his sojourn in the Wilderness among the folk called the Buchanites, is a historical novella by the British writer F. L. Lucas. It purports to be an account, written in 1814 by a Scottish minister of the Kirk in middle age and published posthumously, of his youthful bewitchment by Elspeth Buchan and of the time he spent in the 1780s among the Buchanites. First published in 1937, it was Lucas's second historical novella, the first being The Wild Tulip (1932); he had also published a prize-winning historical novel, Cécile (1930).
Françoise Eléonore Dejean de Manville, Countess of Sabran and then Marquise of Boufflers, was a French socialite and letter writer whose life extended from the Ancien Régime through the French Revolution and First French Empire to the Bourbon Restoration. She is known for the letters she exchanged with Stanislas de Boufflers, whom she eventually married.
Ariadne (1932) is a short epic or long narrative poem of 3,300 lines, by the British poet F. L. Lucas. It tells the story of Theseus and Ariadne, with details drawn from various sources and original touches based on modern psychology. It was Lucas's longest poem. His other epic reworking of myth was Gilgamesh, King of Erech (1948).
F. L. Lucas's Messene Redeemed (1940) is a verse drama or long poem, based on Pausanias, about the struggle for independence of ancient Messene against Sparta. As well as narrating Messenian history from earliest times to the defeat of Sparta at Leuctra and the return of the exiles, it dramatizes two episodes in play-form: one from the First Messenian War – the "honour killing" of his daughter Laodice by Aristodemus at Ithome, and one from the end of the Second – the last hours of Eira.
Harold Henry Abbott was an English schoolmaster, for the last fifteen years of his career headmaster of grammar schools, who published poetry as H. H. Abbott.
Delphine de Sabran, Marquise de Custine was a French society hostess and woman of letters. Known for her beauty and intelligence, Madame de Abrantès referred to de Custine as "one of those lovely creatures that God gives to the world in a moment of munificence". During the French Revolution she was imprisoned at Carmes Prison. She was freed after the fall of Maximilien Robespierre but was left widowed. After the revolution she focused on the education of her son, Astolphe-Louis-Léonor, Marquis de Custine, taking him to Italy and Switzerland. A freethinker, she was a prominent literary and social figure during the Napoleonic era.
Queenie Scott-Hopper was the pen name of Mabel Olive Scott-Hopper, an English author of children’s stories, poetry, and devotional literature.