Related Research Articles
The insanity defense,also known as the mental disorder defense,is an affirmative defense by excuse in a criminal case,arguing that the defendant is not responsible for their actions due to an episodic psychiatric disease at the time of the criminal act. This is contrasted with an excuse of provocation,in which the defendant is responsible,but the responsibility is lessened due to a temporary mental state. It is also contrasted with a finding that a defendant cannot stand trial in a criminal case because a mental disease prevents them from effectively assisting counsel,from a civil finding in trusts and estates where a will is nullified because it was made when a mental disorder prevented a testator from recognizing the natural objects of their bounty,and from involuntary civil commitment to a mental institution,when anyone is found to be gravely disabled or to be a danger to themself or to others.
Involuntary commitment,civil commitment,or involuntary hospitalization/hospitalisation is a legal process through which an individual who is deemed by a qualified agent to have symptoms of severe mental disorder is detained in a psychiatric hospital (inpatient) where they can be treated involuntarily. This treatment may involve the administration of psychoactive drugs,including involuntary administration. In many jurisdictions,people diagnosed with mental health disorders can also be forced to undergo treatment while in the community;this is sometimes referred to as outpatient commitment and shares legal processes with commitment.
Lee Boyd Malvo,also known as John Lee Malvo,is a convicted murderer who,along with John Allen Muhammad,committed a series of murders dubbed the D.C. sniper attacks over a three-week period in October 2002. Malvo was aged 17 during the span of the shootings. Currently,he is serving multiple life sentences at Red Onion State Prison in Virginia,a supermax prison. Muhammad was executed in 2009.
Printz v. United States,521 U.S. 898 (1997),was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that certain interim provisions of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act violated the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
Some jurisdictions may commit certain types of dangerous sex offenders to state-run detention facilities following the completion of their sentence if that person has a "mental abnormality" or personality disorder that makes the person likely to engage in sexual offenses if not confined in a secure facility. In the United States,twenty states,the federal government,and the District of Columbia have a version of these commitment laws,which are referred to as "Sexually Violent Predator" (SVP) or "Sexually Dangerous Persons" laws.
Napoleon Beazley was a convicted murderer executed by lethal injection by the State of Texas for the murder of 63-year-old businessman John Luttig in 1994.
The Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act is a federal statute that was signed into law by U.S. President George W. Bush on July 27,2006. The Walsh Act organizes sex offenders into three tiers according to the crime committed,and mandates that Tier 3 offenders update their whereabouts every three months with lifetime registration requirements. Tier 2 offenders must update their whereabouts every six months with 25 years of registration,and Tier 1 offenders must update their whereabouts every year with 15 years of registration. Failure to register and update information is a felony under the law. States are required to publicly disclose information of Tier 2 and Tier 3 offenders,at minimum. It also contains civil commitment provisions for sexually dangerous people.
Samuel James "Jimmy" Ryce was a child who was abducted,raped,and killed by Juan Carlos Chavez in Redland,Florida,United States. On Wednesday,February 12,2014,Chavez was executed at Florida State Prison in Raiford.
Ewing v. California,538 U.S. 11 (2003),is one of two cases upholding a sentence imposed under California's three strikes law against a challenge that it constituted cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment. As in its prior decision in Harmelin v. Michigan,the United States Supreme Court could not agree on the precise reasoning to uphold the sentence. But,with the decision in Ewing and the companion case Lockyer v. Andrade, the Court effectively foreclosed criminal defendants from arguing that their non-capital sentences were disproportional to the crime they had committed.
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William Patrick Huizenga is an American politician serving as the U.S. representative for Michigan's 2nd congressional district since 2011. The district covers much of Lake Michigan's eastern shore and many of Grand Rapids's suburbs,including Muskegon,Holland,Kentwood,and Grand Haven.
A sex offender registry is a system in various countries designed to allow government authorities to keep track of the activities of sex offenders,including those who have completed their criminal sentences. In some jurisdictions,registration is accompanied by residential address notification requirements. In many jurisdictions,registered sex offenders are subject to additional restrictions,including on housing. Those on parole or probation may be subject to restrictions that do not apply to other parolees or probationers. Sometimes,these include restrictions on being in the presence of underage persons,living in proximity to a school or day care center,owning toys or items targeted towards children,or using the Internet. Sex offender registries exist in many English-speaking countries,including Australia,Canada,New Zealand,the United States,Trinidad and Tobago,Jamaica,South Africa,the United Kingdom,and the Republic of Ireland. The United States and United Kingdom are the only countries with a registry that is publicly accessible;all other countries in the English-speaking world have sex offender registries only accessible by law enforcement.
Indefinite imprisonment or indeterminate imprisonment is the imposition of a sentence by imprisonment with no definite period of time set during sentencing. It was imposed by certain nations in the past,before the drafting of the United Nations Convention against Torture (CAT). The length of an indefinite imprisonment was determined during imprisonment based on the inmate's conduct. The inmate could have been returned to society or be kept in prison for life.
Robert James Jonker is a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan.
The murder of Cassie Jo Stoddart took place in Bannock County,Idaho,United States,on September 22,2006,when Stoddart,a student at Pocatello High School,was stabbed to death by classmates Brian Lee Draper and Torey Michael Adamcik. Both perpetrators received sentences of life imprisonment without parole on August 21,2007.
Woollard v. Sheridan,863 F. Supp. 2d 462,reversed sub. nom.,Woollard v Gallagher,712 F.3d 865,was a civil lawsuit brought on behalf of Raymond Woollard,a resident of the State of Maryland,by the Second Amendment Foundation against Terrence Sheridan,Secretary of the Maryland State Police,and members of the Maryland Handgun Permit Review Board. Plaintiffs allege that the Defendants' refusal to grant a concealed carry permit renewal to Mr. Woollard on the basis that he "...ha[d] not demonstrated a good and substantial reason to wear,carry or transport a handgun as a reasonable precaution against apprehended danger in the State of Maryland" was a violation of Mr. Woollard's rights under the Second and Fourteenth Amendments,and therefore unconstitutional. The trial court found in favor of Mr. Woollard,However,the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the trial court and the U.S. Supreme Court declined to review that decision.
Involuntary commitment or civil commitment is a legal process through which an individual with symptoms of severe mental illness is court-ordered into treatment in a hospital (inpatient) or in the community (outpatient).
The Oregon Psychiatric Security Review Board (PSRB) supervises people who have successfully asserted the insanity defense to a criminal charge in the state,and grants relief from sex offender registrations for GEI sex offenders and firearm possession bans because of mental health determinations.
The Honorable Stephanie Rhoades served as a District Court Judge in Anchorage,Alaska from 1992 to 2017. Judge Stephanie Rhoades founded the Anchorage Coordinated Resources Project (ACRP),better known as the Anchorage Mental Health Court (AMHC). AMHC was the first mental health court established in Alaska and the fourth mental health court established in the United States. Legal scholars suggest in the Alaska Law Review that mental health courts are to be considered therapeutic jurisprudence and define crime that deserves therapeutic justice as “a manifestation of illness of the offender’s body or character.”They follow that crime that falls under this definition “should be addressed through treatment by professionals.”
References
- 1 2 "Quist, Gordon Jay - Federal Judicial Center". www.fjc.gov.
- ↑ "Administrative Order No. 22-CA-116" (PDF).
- ↑ Dianna B. Henriques, "A Reservist in a New War, Against Foreclosure", New York Times, 27 January 2011
- ↑ "Despite law, homeless sex offenders can stay at shelters near schools, judge rules", Detroit Free Press, 30 December 2011
- ↑ http://www.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/14a0296p-06.pdf [ bare URL PDF ]
- ↑ "Despite time in psychiatric hospital, man can challenge gun ban, appeals court says". 19 December 2014.
- ↑ "Second Amendment rights violated over long past mental-health issue, Hillsdale man says". 27 July 2012.
