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Developmental psychology is the scientific study of how and why humans grow,change,and adapt across the course of their lives. Originally concerned with infants and children,the field has expanded to include adolescence,adult development,aging,and the entire lifespan. Developmental psychologists aim to explain how thinking,feeling,and behaviors change throughout life. This field examines change across three major dimensions,which are physical development,cognitive development,and social emotional development. Within these three dimensions are a broad range of topics including motor skills,executive functions,moral understanding,language acquisition,social change,personality,emotional development,self-concept,and identity formation.
Internalization is the process of making something internal,with more specific meanings in various fields. It is the opposite of externalization.
In psychology,temperament broadly refers to consistent individual differences in behavior that are biologically based and are relatively independent of learning,system of values and attitudes.
Emotion dysregulation is a range of emotional responses that do not lie within a desirable scope of emotive response,considering the stimuli.
A parenting style is a pattern of behaviors,attitudes,and approaches that a parent uses when interacting with and raising their child. The study of parenting styles is based on the idea that parents differ in their patterns of parenting and that these patterns can have a significant impact on their children's development and well-being. Parenting styles are distinct from specific parenting practices,since they represent broader patterns of practices and attitudes that create an emotional climate for the child. Parenting styles also encompass the ways in which parents respond to and make demands on their children.
Marian Radke-Yarrow was an American child psychologist known for studying topics such as prejudice,altruism,and depression in children. She worked in academia in the early years after completing graduate school,and then she became a National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) researcher who observed child behavior and parent-child interactions.
The differential susceptibility theory proposed by Jay Belsky is another interpretation of psychological findings that are usually discussed according to the diathesis-stress model. Both models suggest that people's development and emotional affect are differentially affected by experiences or qualities of the environment. Where the Diathesis-stress model suggests a group that is sensitive to negative environments only,the differential susceptibility hypothesis suggests a group that is sensitive to both negative and positive environments. A third model,the vantage-sensitivity model,suggests a group that is sensitive to positive environments only. All three models may be considered complementary,and have been combined into a general environmental sensitivity framework.
Moral development focuses on the emergence,change,and understanding of morality from infancy through adulthood. The theory states that morality develops across a life span in a variety of ways and is influenced by an individual's experiences and behavior when faced with moral issues through different periods of physical and cognitive development. Morality concerns an individual's reforming sense of what is right and wrong;it is for this reason that young children have different moral judgment and character than that of a grown adult. Morality in itself is often a synonym for "rightness" or "goodness." It also refers to a specific code of conduct that is derived from one's culture,religion,or personal philosophy that guides one's actions,behaviors,and thoughts.
Amy Gene Halberstadt is an American psychologist specializing in the social development of emotion. She is currently Alumni Distinguished Undergraduate Professor of Psychology at North Carolina State University in Raleigh,North Carolina,and is an editor of the journal Social Development.
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Margaret Beale Spencer is an American psychologist whose work centers on the effects of ethnicity,gender,and race on youth and adolescent development. She currently serves as the Marshall Field IV Professor of Urban Education in the Department of Comparative Human Development at the University of Chicago. Dr. Spencer's career spans more than 30 years and consists of over 115 published articles and chapters,stemming from work funded by over two-dozen foundations and federal agencies.
Internal working model of attachment is a psychological approach that attempts to describe the development of mental representations,specifically the worthiness of the self and expectations of others' reactions to the self. This model is a result of interactions with primary caregivers which become internalized,and is therefore an automatic process. John Bowlby implemented this model in his attachment theory in order to explain how infants act in accordance with these mental representations. It is an important aspect of general attachment theory.
Erika Hoff is a developmental psychologist and an expert on language development and bilingualism. She is a professor of psychology at Florida Atlantic University,where she directs the Language Development Laboratory.
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Social emotional development represents a specific domain of child development. It is a gradual,integrative process through which children acquire the capacity to understand,experience,express,and manage emotions and to develop meaningful relationships with others. As such,social emotional development encompasses a large range of skills and constructs,including,but not limited to:self-awareness,joint attention,play,theory of mind,self-esteem,emotion regulation,friendships,and identity development.
Cynthia García Coll is an American developmental psychologist,and the former editor-in-chief of Child Development. She is currently an adjunct professor in the Pediatrics Department at the University of Puerto Rico,Medical Sciences Campus. She has authored more than a hundred publications,including several books. In 2020,she received the Urie Bronfenbrenner Award for Lifetime Contribution to Developmental Psychology in the Service of Science and Society.
The dynamic-maturational model of attachment and adaptation (DMM) is a biopsychosocial model describing the effect attachment relationships can have on human development and functioning. It is especially focused on the effects of relationships between children and parents and between reproductive couples. It developed initially from attachment theory as developed by John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth,and incorporated many other theories into a comprehensive model of adaptation to life's many dangers. The DMM was initially created by developmental psychologist Patricia McKinsey Crittenden and her colleagues including David DiLalla,Angelika Claussen,Andrea Landini,Steve Farnfield,and Susan Spieker.
Nathan A. Fox is a developmental psychologist known for his contributions to understanding how environmental factors affect early development. He holds the position of Distinguished University Professor of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology at the University of Maryland.
Carolyn Zahn-Waxler is an American developmental psychologist known for studying morality over the life span,social emotions,and empathy in childhood. She holds the position of Honorary Fellow at the Center for Healthy Minds at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.
Lynn S. Liben is developmental psychologist known for her research on effects of gender and racial stereotypes on child development. Liben is an Evan Pugh University Professor of Psychology,Human Development and Family Studies,and Education at Pennsylvania State University.
References
- ↑ "G. Stanley Hall Award for Distinguished Contribution to Developmental Psychology". American Psychological Association. Retrieved 2019-12-03.
- ↑ "PsychTree - Grazyna Kochanska Family Tree". academictree.org. Retrieved 2022-01-23.
- 1 2 "People | Child Lab | Psychological and Brain Sciences". psychology.uiowa.edu. Retrieved 2019-12-05.
- ↑ Kochanska, Grazyna; Kuczynski, Leon; Radke-Yarrow, Marian (1989). "Correspondence between Mothers' Self-Reported and Observed Child-Rearing Practices". Child Development. 60 (1): 56–63. doi:10.2307/1131070. ISSN 0009-3920. JSTOR 1131070. PMID 2702874.
- ↑ Kuczynski, Leon; Kochanska, Grazyna; Radke-Yarrow, Marian; Girnius-Brown, Ona (1987). "A developmental interpretation of young children's noncompliance". Developmental Psychology. 23 (6): 799–806. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.23.6.799. ISSN 0012-1649.
- ↑ Kochanska, Grazyna; Radke-Yarrow, Marian (1992). "Inhibition in Toddlerhood and the Dynamics of the Child's Interaction with an Unfamiliar Peer at Age Five". Child Development. 63 (2): 325–335. doi:10.2307/1131482. ISSN 0009-3920. JSTOR 1131482. PMID 1611937.
- ↑ "Reflections on the Legacy of Early Relationships". American Psychological Association. Retrieved 2019-12-05.
- ↑ "NSF Award Search: Award # 9209559 - Socialization and Temperament in the Development of Conscience in Early Childhood". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved 2022-01-23.
- ↑ "NSF Award Search: Award # 9510863 - Early Development of Conscience". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved 2022-01-23.
- ↑ Kochanska, Grazyna; Casey, Rita J.; Fukumoto, Atsuko (1995). "Toddlers' Sensitivity to Standard Violations". Child Development. 66 (3): 643–656. doi:10.2307/1131940. ISSN 0009-3920. JSTOR 1131940.
- ↑ Kochanska, Grazyna; DeVet, Katherine; Goldman, Marguerita; Murray, Kathleen; Putnam, Samuel P. (1994). "Maternal Reports of Conscience Development and Temperament in Young Children". Child Development. 65 (3): 852–868. doi:10.2307/1131423. ISSN 0009-3920. JSTOR 1131423. PMID 8045172.
- ↑ An, Danming; Kochanska, Grazyna (2021-10-25). "Mothers' and fathers' attachment styles and power-assertive control: Indirect associations through parental representations". Journal of Family Psychology. 36 (6): 975–985. doi: 10.1037/fam0000930 . ISSN 1939-1293. PMC 9842511 . PMID 34694837.
- ↑ An, Danming; Kochanska, Grazyna; Yeager, Nicole; Sivagurunathan, Neevetha; Praska, Rochelle; Campbell, Robin; Shin, Sung Yi (2021-09-03). "Children's emerging receptive, positive orientation toward their parents in the network of early attachment relationships". Attachment & Human Development. 23 (5): 687–709. doi:10.1080/14616734.2021.1906722. ISSN 1461-6734. PMC 8492794 . PMID 33821755.
- ↑ Kochanska, G.; Murray, K.; Jacques, T. Y.; Koenig, A. L.; Vandegeest, K. A. (April 1996). "Inhibitory control in young children and its role in emerging internalization". Child Development. 67 (2): 490–507. doi:10.2307/1131828. ISSN 0009-3920. JSTOR 1131828. PMID 8625724.
- ↑ Kochanska, G.; Coy, K. C.; Murray, K. T. (July 2001). "The development of self-regulation in the first four years of life". Child Development. 72 (4): 1091–1111. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.333.4872 . doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00336. ISSN 0009-3920. PMID 11480936.