Greenwood, New York, insurrection of 1882

Last updated
Greenwood, New York, insurrection of 1882
DateFebruary–June, 1882
Location
Greenwood, New York

42°08′06″N77°38′53″W / 42.135°N 77.648°W / 42.135; -77.648
Caused byCollapse of railroad project in Panic of 1873; citizens refused to repay money borrowed since they received no benefit.
MethodsIntimidate bidders at tax sales; some injured.
Resulted inGovernor proclaimed state of insurrection; money in question paid.
Parties
Taxpayers of Greenwood
Sheriff Higgens and tax collector of Steuben County, and their deputies; Governor Alonzo Cornell; bond holders; would-be purchasers at tax sales.
Number
150–300
50
Casualties and losses
Several serious injuries.

The Insurrection in Greenwood, New York took place in February of 1882 when citizens of Greenwood, New York, resisted the seizure and sale of property to pay for bonds that were attained to build the Rochester, Hornellsville, and Pine Creek Railroad. [1] After potential buyers were threatened with firearms, and some were seriously injured, New York Governor Alonzo Cornell proclaimed on February 11, 1882, that an insurrection existed in Greenwood. Some property was successfully sold in February and March, and the governor lifted the proclamation in June.

Contents

Background

The Rochester, Hornellsville, and Pine Creek Railroad had articles of association filed on March 30, 1871, in New York and the company was formed according to the railroad laws of the state. It planned to build a railroad line from Hornellsville to the New York–Pennsylvania state line. [2] Greenwood, population 1,400 in 1882, [1] and other communities through which the line would run, borrowed money to pay for the railroad construction. In Greenwood's case the sum was $30,000 (equivalent to $763,000in 2023); Hornellsville borrowed $70,000 and West Union $41,000. [3] Work on the railroad ended with the Panic of 1873, which brought railroad bankruptcies and bank failures. The railroad was never built, and Greenwood had "nothing to show for its bonds except a few miles of inexpensive grading." [1]

In 1872, the town of Greenwood was bonded for $30,000, but a judge of the Court of Appeals found that the bonds were illegal in November 1873 because commissioners violated an agreement about ensuring it was legal. [4] The jubilation of the people of Greenwood over this decision was short lived, as the New York Legislature passed a law in May 1874 legalizing the acts of the commissioners. [1] [5]

The insurrection

Greenwood paid interest on the loan until 1874, when the entire principal was due. [6] In order to repay the loan, a tax of $8,000 was imposed on the citizens of Greenwood. Since they had been "defrauded and robbed", [5] the residents refused to pay it, although they continued paying county and state taxes. [4] Most of the people in Greenwood were very bitter and made threats of injury or death. [6]

From 1878 to 1882, there were several unsuccessful attempts to sell lots to pay for the debt, [4] [6] [7] [8] but in the process, several would-be purchasers were seriously injured. [7] The tax collector in February of 1878 offered for sale several lots of personal property which had been levied upon for the payment of taxes due. About two hundred people assembled at the place of sale and threatened bodily harm to potential buyers with guns and revolvers. When no one would make a bid, the sale was adjourned. Governor Alonzo B. Cornell, to whom the sheriff sent a telegram, responded that the sheriff must exhaust his powers before the state would become involved. [6] The sheriff formed a posse of 50 men to attend a sale in April 1878 to sell the lots, but it was unsuccessful. [4]

On February 7, 1882, the collector attempted to make 98 sales. There was a posse of 40 men, met by a group of 250 taxpayers, who were reported to be quiet and orderly, [4] or according to the Buffalo Weekly Express , the citizens were well armed, with martial music and hard cider. [7] The collector claimed that he was not sure of the legality of the levies, and adjourned the sales indefinitely. [4]

Miners and oil men from Pennsylvania, just over the border from Greenwood, helped the Greenwood citizens' attempts at resistance. [8] Molly Maguires from Pennsylvania may have been present. [7]

The Governor's proclamation

Since the telegram sent to the Governor in 1878 did not result in assistance from the state, [9] the sheriff traveled to Albany to present the situation to Governor Alonzo B. Cornell, informing him that several would-be purchasers were seriously injured. [7] In response, Governor Cornell proclaimed on February 11, 1882, that a state of insurrection existed. In the proclamation, he stated that citizens of Greenwood had unlawfully assembled, issued threats, and prevented the collection of taxes as well as the actions of the officers of law. He ordered Greenwood citizens to "desist from any attempt" to violate peace, to threaten others, or to prevent officers of the law from their duties. Otherwise, they are "commanded to disperse and depart to their respective places of abode" and officers of the law were commanded to use any legal process necessary to maintain order. [8]

Aftermath

On February 14, the Sheriff was more successful at a new sale. He was able to collect a few of the delinquent taxes on that day, and it was reported that most of the $8,000 due would be collected. [7] At another announced sale in March, the Sheriff and a party of thirty-three retainers sold property seized for unpaid taxes, starting with the sale of livestock that had been owned by widows and poor men. One of the widows preemptively sold her horse, one widow's horse brought $3; and no one would bid for a poor man's cow. The Sheriff then levied on some farmers, and in the end managed to collect a portion of his claim. [10] The insurrection over and the tax paid, the Governor declared the insurrection ended in June. [11]

New York & Pennsylvania Railroad station in Greenwood, New York. Note Wells Fargo sign, perhaps from about 1920 Greenwood NY railroad station.png
New York & Pennsylvania Railroad station in Greenwood, New York. Note Wells Fargo sign, perhaps from about 1920

In 1896, Greenwood obtained rail service from the New York & Pennsylvania Railroad, which used some of the Rochester, Hornellsville, and Pine Creek grading. [12]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Steuben County, New York</span> County in New York, United States

Steuben County (stu-BEN) is a county located in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 93,584. Its county seat is Bath. Its name is in honor of Baron von Steuben, a Prussian general who fought on the American side in the American Revolutionary War, though it is not pronounced the same. The county is part of the Southern Tier region of the state.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hornell, New York</span> City in New York, United States

Hornell is a city in Steuben County, New York, United States. The population was 8,259 at the 2020 census. The city is named after the Hornell family, early settlers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canisteo (village), New York</span> Village in New York, United States

Canisteo is a village in Steuben County, New York, United States. The population was 2,176 at the 2020 census.

Canisteo is a town in Steuben County, New York, United States. The population was 3,294 at the 2020 census. The name was taken from a former Native American village located there, and is Iroquoian in origin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alonzo B. Cornell</span> Governor of New York

Alonzo Barton Cornell was a New York politician and businessman who was the 27th governor of New York from 1880 to 1882.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Readjuster Party</span> Political party in late 19th-century Virginia

The Readjuster Party was a bi-racial state-level political party formed in Virginia across party lines in the late 1870s during the turbulent period following the Reconstruction era that sought to reduce outstanding debt owed by the state. Readjusters aspired "to break the power of wealth and established privilege" among the planter elite of whites in the state and to promote public education. The party's program attracted support among both white people and African-Americans.

The Elmira and Lake Ontario Railroad was a subsidiary of the Northern Central Railway and later the Pennsylvania Railroad, formed to give the Northern Central an outlet for coal traffic on Lake Ontario.

The Jersey Shore, Pine Creek and Buffalo Railway was a railroad built in the early 1880s to give the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad access to the coal regions around Clearfield, Pennsylvania, United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ira Davenport (politician)</span> American politician

Ira Davenport was an American businessman, politician and philanthropist. He was most notable for his service in the New York State Senate (1878-1881), as New York State Comptroller (1882-1883), and a member of Congress from New York's 29th congressional district (1885-1889).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1882 New York state election</span>

The 1882 New York state election was held on November 7, 1882, to elect the governor, the lieutenant governor, the chief judge and a U.S. Representative-at-large, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly. Besides, two constitutional amendments were proposed - the abolition of tolls on the State canals, and to increase the number of justices on the New York Supreme Court - and were accepted by the electorate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1885 New York state election</span>

The 1885 New York state election was held on November 3, 1885, to elect the governor, the lieutenant governor, the secretary state, the state comptroller, the attorney general, the state treasurer and the state engineer, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate.

The Rochester and State Line Railroad was a 19th-century railroad company in New York state.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Frederick and Pennsylvania Line Railroad Company</span> U.S. railroad

The Frederick and Pennsylvania Line railroad ran from Frederick, Maryland to the Pennsylvania-Maryland State line, or Mason–Dixon line near Kingsdale, Pennsylvania consisting of 28 miles (45.1 km) of center-line track and 29.93 miles (48.17 km) of total track including sidings. Chartered in 1867, the railroad started construction in 1869 and cost $868,687.50.

The Hornell Traction Company was an electric streetcar company serving Hornell and Canisteo, New York, between 1892 and 1926.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alfred Kelley</span> American politician

Alfred Kelley was a banker, canal builder, lawyer, railroad executive, and state legislator in the state of Ohio in the United States. He is considered by historians to be one of the most prominent commercial, financial, and political Ohioans of the first half of the 19th century.

Tax resistance in the United States has been practiced at least since colonial times, and has played important parts in American history.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New York & Pennsylvania Railroad</span>

The New York & Pennsylvania Railroad (NYP) was a single track, shortline railroad running on a route described as east—west in the company's timetables, but closer to an arc: almost due south along Bennett's Creek from Canisteo through the hamlets of Greenwood, Rexville, and Whitesville, New York, southwest through Genesee, Pennsylvania to Oswayo, Pennsylvania, then northwest through Shinglehouse, Pennsylvania to Ceres, New York. In Canisteo trains made "a close connection" with "electric cars for Hornellsville". Trains connected in Canisteo with the Erie Railroad, with service to Buffalo and New York City; in Genesee with the Buffalo and Susquehanna Railroad, with service to Wellsville, New York, and in Ceres with the Pittsburg [sic], Shawmutt, and Northern Railroad, with service to Olean, New York, and points west. While the railroad did not serve Hornell, occasionally it did run special trains, using the Erie tracks. Its route was primarily in southwestern Steuben County, New York, and northern Potter County, Pennsylvania, with small portions in Allegany County, New York, and McKean County, Pennsylvania. Total track was 56.13 miles (90.33 km) main line and 7.69 miles (12.38 km) of sidings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New River Railroad</span> Railroad in Virginia, U.S.

The New River Railroad was founded as the New River Mining and Railroad Company on May 24, 1874, at the Montgomery White Sulphur Springs, in Virginia. Construction of the railroad began on September 16 at the New River Depot on the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad.

The Rochester, Hornellsville, and Pine Creek Railroad (RH&PC) was a railroad company organized in New York state in the 1870s. It did some grading but never laid track nor opened its line.

The Pennsylvania Petroleum Railroad was a railroad in Pennsylvania originally chartered in 1871, during the Pennsylvania oil rush. Intended to provide an additional outlet from the Pennsylvania oil fields to Erie, Pennsylvania, it graded about ten miles of line in 1872, but was then caught up in the collapse of the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad, which halted the project. The company was foreclosed and reorganized under new names many times, but accomplished relatively little. It laid a short segment of line in 1890 in Titusville, Pennsylvania which was leased to a subsidiary of the New York Central to be used as a siding to a tannery. Further construction took place in 1913 with the idea of opening it as an electric railway to Cambridge Springs, but this, too, was never completed.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Steuben County Troubles. Why the Town of Greenwood Was Declared in a State of Insurrection". New York Times . February 16, 1882. p. 1. Archived from the original on July 4, 2021. Retrieved June 19, 2019.
  2. ↑ Vernon, Edward (1874). American Railroad Manual for the United States and the Dominion. American Railroad Manual Company. p. 151. Archived from the original on 2021-07-04. Retrieved 2020-03-11.
  3. ↑ "A Bird's Eye View". Star-Gazette . Elmira, New York. January 9, 1896. p. 6. Archived from the original on June 20, 2019. Retrieved June 19, 2019.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "The Insurrection in Steuben". Evening Gazette. Port Jervis, New York. February 16, 1882. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2021-07-04. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  5. 1 2 "A State of Insurrection". Watertown Daily Times . Watertown, New York. February 17, 1882. p. 2.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Excitement in Steuben County". Dansville Advertiser (Dansville, Steuben County, New York). February 14, 1878. p. 2. Archived from the original on 2021-07-04. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Trouble in Steuben". Buffalo Weekly Express . February 16, 1882. p. 3. Archived from the original on July 4, 2021. Retrieved June 19, 2019.
  8. 1 2 3 "A State of Insurrection — Officers of the Law Resisted in Greenwood, Steuben County — Proclamation by Governor Cornell — Sequel to an Old Fight over Bonds Issued in aid of an Unfinished Railroad". New York Herald . February 13, 1882. p. 7.
  9. ↑ "Editorial Notes". Buffalo Courier. February 14, 1878. p. 4. Archived from the original on July 4, 2021. Retrieved June 19, 2019.
  10. ↑ "(Untitled. Begins: The people of Greenwood, Steuben County, refuse to pay taxes)". Brooklyn Union. March 15, 1882. p. 2. Archived from the original on July 4, 2021. Retrieved June 19, 2019– via newspapers.com.
  11. ↑ "Governor lifts state of insurrection". Northern Christian Advocate. Syracuse, New York. June 22, 1882. p. 8.
  12. ↑ "For a Direct Line into Pennsylvania.—Opening of a New Country by a Railroad.—It Is Rich with Timber.—Southern New York and Northern Pennsylvania Reached by the New York and Pennsylvania Railroad". Democrat and Chronicle . Rochester, New York. December 6, 1896. p. 12. Archived from the original on July 4, 2021. Retrieved March 11, 2020.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.