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A lexeme is a unit of lexical meaning that underlies a set of words that are related through inflection. It is a basic abstract unit of meaning,a unit of morphological analysis in linguistics that roughly corresponds to a set of forms taken by a single root word. For example,in English,run,runs,ran and running are forms of the same lexeme,which can be represented as RUN.
A morpheme is the smallest meaningful constituent of a linguistic expression. The field of linguistic study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology.
In linguistics,morphology is the study of words,how they are formed,and their relationship to other words in the same language. It analyzes the structure of words and parts of words such as stems,root words,prefixes,and suffixes. Morphology also looks at parts of speech,intonation and stress,and the ways context can change a word's pronunciation and meaning. Morphology differs from morphological typology,which is the classification of languages based on their use of words,and lexicology,which is the study of words and how they make up a language's vocabulary.
In linguistics,syntax is the study of how words and morphemes combine to form larger units such as phrases and sentences. Central concerns of syntax include word order,grammatical relations,hierarchical sentence structure (constituency),agreement,the nature of crosslinguistic variation,and the relationship between form and meaning (semantics). There are numerous approaches to syntax that differ in their central assumptions and goals.
Linguistic typology is a field of linguistics that studies and classifies languages according to their structural features to allow their comparison. Its aim is to describe and explain the structural diversity and the common properties of the world's languages. Its subdisciplines include,but are not limited to phonological typology,which deals with sound features;syntactic typology,which deals with word order and form;lexical typology,which deals with language vocabulary;and theoretical typology,which aims to explain the universal tendencies.
Morphological typology is a way of classifying the languages of the world that groups languages according to their common morphological structures. The field organizes languages on the basis of how those languages form words by combining morphemes. Analytic languages contain very little inflection,instead relying on features like word order and auxiliary words to convey meaning. Synthetic languages,ones that are not analytic,are divided into two categories:agglutinative and fusional languages. Agglutinative languages rely primarily on discrete particles for inflection,while fusional languages "fuse" inflectional categories together,often allowing one word ending to contain several categories,such that the original root can be difficult to extract. A further subcategory of agglutinative languages are polysynthetic languages,which take agglutination to a higher level by constructing entire sentences,including nouns,as one word.
In generative linguistics,Distributed Morphology is a theoretical framework introduced in 1993 by Morris Halle and Alec Marantz. The central claim of Distributed Morphology is that there is no divide between the construction of words and sentences. The syntax is the single generative engine that forms sound-meaning correspondences,both complex phrases and complex words. This approach challenges the traditional notion of the Lexicon as the unit where derived words are formed and idiosyncratic word-meaning correspondences are stored. In Distributed Morphology there is no unified Lexicon as in earlier generative treatments of word-formation. Rather,the functions that other theories ascribe to the Lexicon are distributed among other components of the grammar.
Realizational morphology or "word-and-paradigm" (WP) was a theory first created by linguist,Charles F. Hockett. WP morphology focuses on the whole of a word rather than morphemes or internal structure. This theory also denies that morphemes are signs. Instead,inflections are stem modifications which serve as exponents of morphological feature sets. It serves as an alternative for the Item-and-Arrangement (IA) and Item-and-Process (IP) Models.
In linguistics,a marker is a free or bound morpheme that indicates the grammatical function of the marked word,phrase,or sentence. Most characteristically,markers occur as clitics or inflectional affixes. In analytic languages and agglutinative languages,markers are generally easily distinguished. In fusional languages and polysynthetic languages,this is often not the case. For example,in Latin,a highly fusional language,the word amō is marked by suffix -ō for indicative mood,active voice,first person,singular,present tense. Analytic languages tend to have a relatively limited number of markers.
In linguistics,a word stem is a part of a word responsible for its lexical meaning. The term is used with slightly different meanings depending on the morphology of the language in question. In Athabaskan linguistics,for example,a verb stem is a root that cannot appear on its own and that carries the tone of the word.
A word is a basic element of language that carries an objective or practical meaning,can be used on its own,and is uninterruptible. Despite the fact that language speakers often have an intuitive grasp of what a word is,there is no consensus among linguists on its definition and numerous attempts to find specific criteria of the concept remain controversial. Different standards have been proposed,depending on the theoretical background and descriptive context;these do not converge on a single definition. Some specific definitions of the term "word" are employed to convey its different meanings at different levels of description,for example based on phonological,grammatical or orthographic basis. Others suggest that the concept is simply a convention used in everyday situations.
In linguistics,especially within generative grammar,phi features are the morphological expression of a semantic process in which a word or morpheme varies with the form of another word or phrase in the same sentence. This variation can include person,number,gender,and case,as encoded in pronominal agreement with nouns and pronouns. Several other features are included in the set of phi-features,such as the categorical features ±N (nominal) and ±V (verbal),which can be used to describe lexical categories and case features.
Heinz Joachim Giegerich is a Scottish linguist of German nationality,and Emeritus Professor of English Linguistics in the School of Philosophy,Psychology and Language Science of the University of Edinburgh,Scotland.
In linguistics,syncretism exists when functionally distinct occurrences of a single lexeme,morph or phone are identical in form. The term arose in historical linguistics,referring to the convergence of morphological forms within inflectional paradigms. In such cases,a former distinction has been 'syncretized'. The term syncretism is often used when a fairly regular pattern can be observed across a paradigm.
In linguistics,periphrasis is the use of one or more function words to express meaning that otherwise may be expressed by attaching an affix or clitic to a word. The resulting phrase includes two or more collocated words instead of one inflected word. The word periphrasis originates from the Greek word περιφράζομαιperiphrazomai “talking around”.
A morphological pattern is a set of associations and/or operations that build the various forms of a lexeme,possibly by inflection,agglutination,compounding or derivation.
In linguistic morphology,inflection is a process of word formation in which a word is modified to express different grammatical categories such as tense,case,voice,aspect,person,number,gender,mood,animacy,and definiteness. The inflection of verbs is called conjugation,and one can refer to the inflection of nouns,adjectives,adverbs,pronouns,determiners,participles,prepositions and postpositions,numerals,articles,etc.,as declension.
The term morphome refers to a function in linguistics which is purely morphological or has an irreducibly morphological component. The term is particularly used by Martin Maiden following Mark Aronoff's identification of morphomic functions and the morphomic level—a level of linguistic structure intermediate between and independent of phonology and syntax. In distinguishing this additional level,Aronoff makes the empirical claim that all mappings from the morphosyntactic level to the level of phonological realisation pass through the intermediate morphomic level.
Greville G. Corbett is Distinguished Professor of Linguistics at the University of Surrey and founder member of the Surrey Morphology Group.
Jonathan David Bobaljik is a Canadian linguist specializing in morphology,syntax,and typology. Bobaljik received his PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1995 with a thesis titled Morphosyntax:The syntax of verbal inflection advised by Noam Chomsky and David Pesetsky. He is currently a professor at Harvard University and has previously held positions at McGill University and University of Connecticut. He is a leading scholar in the area of Distributed Morphology.
References
- ↑ "The Contributors". Oxford University Press.
- ↑ Operstein, Natalie (4 February 2019). "Stump, Gregory. 2016. Inflectional paradigms: Content and form at the syntax-morphology interface :". Studies in Language. 42 (4): 994–998. doi:10.1075/sl.17020.ope. ISSN 0378-4177.
- ↑ "Fellows". Linguistic Society of America.
- ↑ Dahl, Östen (May 2014). "Gregory Stump & Raphael A. Finkel, Morphological Typology: From Word to Paradigm (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics 138). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. Pp. xxiv + 402". Nordic Journal of Linguistics. 37 (1): 126–132. doi:10.1017/S0332586514000110. ISSN 0332-5865.
- ↑ Operstein, Natalie (2018). "Stump, Gregory (2016) Inflectional paradigms: Content and form at the syntax-morphology interface". Studies in language: International Journal Sponsored by The Foundation "Foundations of Language". 42 (4): 994–998. ISSN 0378-4177.
