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In linguistics, morphology is the study of words, including the principles by which they are formed, and how they relate to one another within a language. Most approaches to morphology investigate the structure of words in terms of morphemes, which are the smallest units in a language with some independent meaning. Morphemes include roots that can exist as words by themselves, but also categories such as affixes that can only appear as part of a larger word. For example, in English the root catch and the suffix -ing are both morphemes; catch may appear as its own word, or it may be combined with -ing to form the new word catching. Morphology also analyzes how words behave as parts of speech, and how they may be inflected to express grammatical categories including number, tense, and aspect. Concepts such as productivity are concerned with how speakers create words in specific contexts, which evolves over the history of a language.
In linguistics, productivity is the degree to which speakers of a language use a particular grammatical process, especially in word formation. It compares grammatical processes that are in frequent use to less frequently used ones that tend towards lexicalization. Generally the test of productivity concerns identifying which grammatical forms would be used in the coining of new words: these will tend to only be converted to other forms using productive processes.
Geoffrey Keith Pullum is a British and American linguist specialising in the study of English. Pullum has published over 300 articles and books on various topics in linguistics, including phonology, morphology, semantics, pragmatics, computational linguistics, and philosophy of language. He is Professor Emeritus of General Linguistics at the University of Edinburgh.
In linguistics, a word stem is a part of a word responsible for its lexical meaning. Typically, a stem remains unmodified during inflection with few exceptions due to apophony
A word is a basic element of language that carries meaning, can be used on its own, and is uninterruptible. Despite the fact that language speakers often have an intuitive grasp of what a word is, there is no consensus among linguists on its definition and numerous attempts to find specific criteria of the concept remain controversial. Different standards have been proposed, depending on the theoretical background and descriptive context; these do not converge on a single definition. Some specific definitions of the term "word" are employed to convey its different meanings at different levels of description, for example based on phonological, grammatical or orthographic basis. Others suggest that the concept is simply a convention used in everyday situations.
Heinz Joachim Giegerich is a Scottish linguist of German nationality, and Emeritus Professor of English Linguistics in the School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Science of the University of Edinburgh, Scotland.
In linguistics, nominalization or nominalisation is the use of a word that is not a noun as a noun, or as the head of a noun phrase. This change in functional category can occur through morphological transformation, but it does not always. Nominalization can refer, for instance, to the process of producing a noun from another part of speech by adding a derivational affix, but it can also refer to the complex noun that is formed as a result.
In linguistics, word formation is an ambiguous term that can refer to either:
English prefixes are affixes that are added before either simple roots or complex bases consisting of (a) a root and other affixes, (b) multiple roots, or (c) multiple roots and other affixes. Examples of these follow:
Rochelle Lieber is an American Professor of Linguistics at the University of New Hampshire. She is a linguist known for her work in morphology, the syntax-morphology interface, and morphology and lexical semantics.
The lexical integrity hypothesis (LIH) or lexical integrity principle is a hypothesis in linguistics which states that syntactic transformations do not apply to subparts of words. It functions as a constraint on transformational grammar.
In linguistics, blocking is the morphological phenomenon in which a possible form for a word cannot surface because it is "blocked" by another form whose features are the most appropriate to the surface form's environment. More basically, it may also be construed as the "non-occurrence of one form due to the simple existence of another."
Hans Marchand was a German linguist. He studied Romance languages, English and Latin, and after fleeing Germany during the Third Reich was a lecturer of linguistics at Istanbul, Yale University, and Bard College. From 1957 to 1973 he was a professor at the University of Tübingen.
Harry van der Hulst is full professor of linguistics and director of undergraduate studies at the department of linguistics of the University of Connecticut. He has been editor-in-chief of the international SSCI peer-reviewed linguistics journal The Linguistic Review since 1990 and he is co-editor of the series ‘Studies in generative grammar’. He is a Life Fellow of the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study, and a board member of the European linguistics organization GLOW.
George Yule is a Scottish-American linguist. He is known for his works on pragmatics and discourse analysis.
The Oxford Reference Guide to English Morphology is a 2013 book by Laurie Bauer, Rochelle Lieber and Ingo Plag in which the authors provide "a comprehensive reference volume covering the whole of contemporary English morphology". In 2015 the authors were the recipients of the Linguistic Society of America's Leonard Bloomfield Book Award for writing the book.
Morphological Productivity is a 2001 book by Laurie Bauer explaining productivity in English words.
English Word-Formation is a 1983 book by Laurie Bauer in which the author considers the relationship between word-formation and other areas of linguistics without trying to provide a fully-fledged theory of word-formation.
Ingo Plag is a German linguist and Professor of English Language and Linguistics at the Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf. In 2015 he and co-authors Laurie Bauer and Rochelle Lieber were the recipients of the Linguistic Society of America's Leonard Bloomfield Book Award for their 2013 work, The Oxford Reference Guide to English Morphology. He is a co-editor of Morphology.
Gregory T. Stump is an American linguist and Emeritus Professor of Linguistics at the University of Kentucky. He is a Fellow of the Linguistic Society of America and is known for his works on linguistic morphology. Stump was one of the founding Editors of the linguistic morphology journal, Word Structure.
References
- ↑ "Interview with Laurie Bauer" (PDF). www.skase.sk. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
- ↑ Kenesei, István (1985). "Laurie Bauer, English Word-formation (review)". Studies in Language. 9 (3): 429–438. doi:10.1075/sl.9.3.09ken . Retrieved 21 January 2019.
- ↑ Kastovsky, Dieter (1 January 1986). "English word-formation: Bauer, Laurie. London: Cambridge University Press, 1982, 311 pp., £7.50". System. 14 (3): 349–353. doi:10.1016/0346-251X(86)90032-1. ISSN 0346-251X.
- ↑ Chung, Karen Steffen (2003). "Morphology Productivity (review)". The Canadian Journal of Linguistics . 48 (1): 80–82. doi: 10.1353/cjl.2004.0005 . Retrieved 21 January 2019.
- ↑ Barddal, Johanna (16 September 2003). "Morphological Productivity (review)". Language. 79 (3): 646. doi:10.1353/lan.2003.0146. hdl: 1854/LU-8562308 . ISSN 1535-0665.
- ↑ Rajagopalan, Kanavillil (18 August 2016). "Introducing linguistic morphology". Word. 62 (3): 199–201. doi:10.1080/00437956.2016.1208405.
- ↑ Kaye, Alan S. (23 June 2005). "Introducing Linguistic Morphology (review)". Language. 81 (2): 509–510. doi:10.1353/lan.2005.0069. ISSN 1535-0665 . Retrieved 21 January 2019.
- ↑ Twardzisz, Piotr (9 July 2015). "Book Review: The Oxford reference guide to English morphology". Journal of English Linguistics . 43 (3): 253–256. doi:10.1177/0075424215592228.
- ↑ Zonneveld, Wim (15 October 2014). "Laurie Bauer,Rochelle Lieber &Ingo Plag,The Oxford reference guide to English morphology.Oxford:Oxford University Press,2013. Pp. x + 691". Journal of Linguistics . 50 (3): 705–712. doi:10.1017/S0022226714000292. ISSN 0022-2267.
- ↑ ten Hacken, Pius (26 November 2014). "Laurie Bauer, Rochelle Lieber & Ingo Plag The Oxford reference guide to English morphology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. Pp. 704. ISBN 978-0-19-957926-6". English Language and Linguistics . 19 (1): 188–201. doi:10.1017/S1360674314000318. ISSN 1360-6743.
- ↑ "Laurie Bauer" . Retrieved 12 January 2019.
- ↑ Bauer, L. J. (1975). "Nominal compounds in Danish, English and French".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ↑ "Life of a lame" (PDF). Te Reo: The Journal of the Linguistic Society of New Zealand. November 2018.
